共产主义与正义——对罗尔斯和布坎南理论的批判与扩展

Communism and Justice:The Criticism and Development on Rawls and Buchanan

按照主流观点,前共产主义社会的财富分配是由财产结构和社会力量决定的,就此而言,正义来得太早,而到了共产主义社会,资源极其丰沛,无需正义原则调节,正义又来得太晚,因而共产主义与正义无关。然而,问题并非如此简单。依照罗尔斯定义的"正义的环境",共产主义是一个超越正义的社会。但是,罗尔斯认为,在共产主义社会,正义的完全消失既不可行,也不可欲。布坎南也认为,共产主义超越了分配正义的环境限制,但没有超越与非分配正义相关的资源稀缺和价值冲突。为解决共产主义与正义关系的疑难,有必要区分狭义的正义环境与广义的正义环境:前者指罗尔斯定义的正义环境,即适度稀缺的客观环境和适度利己的主观状态;后者指那些消除了狭义的正义环境的限制,但没有消除其他的非物质需要意义上的稀缺和非个人利益偏好上的冲突。共产主义超越了狭义的正义环境,但没有超越广义的正义环境,在此意义上,正义之于共产主义具有构成意义。广义的正义环境概念有重要的意义,它的引入可以解决困扰人们的共产主义与正义关系的疑难,对理解当下现实生活中那些与非个人利益无关的矛盾和冲突也有重要意义。

According to the mainstream of Marxism, the distribution of wealth in pre-communist society istotally determined by the structure of property and social forces, thus justice came too early. In communist society, resources are so abundant that the principle of justice is not necessary, so justice come too late, thus there is no relationship between Communism and justice. However, the problem is not so simple. Indeed, communism is a society that transcends justice according to Rawls' definition of “circumstances of justice”. However, Rawls believes that the disappearance of justice in the communist society is neither feasible nor desirable. Buchanan also argues that communism transcends the restrictionof circumstances of distributive justice, but does not transcend the scarcity of resource and the conflictof valuesrelated to non-distributive Justice. In order to solve the problem, it is necessary to distinguish circumstances of justice in anarrow sense and a broad sense, the former refers to one defined by Rawls, namely the circumstances with characteristic with moderate scarcity of objective resource and moderate selfish in subjective attitude. The latter refers to those which haveeliminated the limitations of circumstances of justice in narrow sense, but havenot eliminated the scarcity and conflict that without concerning self-interest yet. Communism transcends the former, but does not transcend the latter. In this sense, justice is constructive to communism. The “circumstances of justice in a broad sense” is a significant concept, which does not only resolve the puzzle of the relationship between communism and justice, but also can be helpful to understandsome problems of justice in our current situation.