中华人民共和国70年经济发展与城乡劳动力就业的关系探析

Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Development and Employment of Urban and Rural Labor Forces in the 70 Years of New China

经济发展与城乡劳动力就业的关系在新中国不同历史阶段表现不尽相同。中华人民共和国成立初期,农村富余劳动力处于“隐形”失业,国家大规模工业经济建设必然导致大量农村人口向城市流动和就业转移,加上旧中国遗留下来的大量城市人口,从而造成城市就业的巨大压力。在优先发展重工业的战略导向下,城市消费品供给和就业都受到很大制约,不可能实现充分就业。实行改革开放后,成功地将人口压力转变为人口红利。进入21世纪以来,中国经济开始向资本和技术密集型的中高端产业结构转型;随着人口老龄化加快,人口红利逐渐消失,经济新常态下走创新发展道路成为必然的选择,这就要求加快提升人力资本水平,实现经济高质量发展与更充分就业。

The relationship between economic development and employment of urban and rural labor force is different in historical stages of New China. In the early days of the founding of New China, Rural surplus labor is "invisibly" unemployed. China's large-scale industrial economic construction will inevitably lead to a large number of rural population migrating to cities and employment transfer. The large number of urban population left over from the old China has resutted in tremendous pressure on urban employment.Under the strategic guidance of giving priority to the development of heavy industry, the supply of urban consumer goods and employment are greatly restricted, and it is impossible to achieve full employment. After the reform and opening up, the demographic pressure has been successfully transformed into a demographic dividend. Since the beginning of the new century, China's economy has begun to transform into a capitaland technologyintensive medium and high-end industrial structure.With the acceleration of the aging population and the gradual disappearance of the demographic dividend, it has become an inevitable choice to take the path of innovative development under the new normal of the economy, which requires accelerating the improvement of the level of human capital and achieving highquality economic development and achieve high employmentrate.