网球运动“Choking”发生诱因的质性探索:来自高校优秀运动员个案的纵向观察

A Qualitative Exploration of “Choking” Cause Factors in Tennis:From a Case of Elite University's Tennis Player

竞赛中的"Choking"现象反映了运动员在关键时刻的技术表现,尽管对于"Choking"的发生机制已有大量的研究,但是,就网球运动中"Choking"表现的心理特征和形成诱因的纵向观察而言,却不多见。在对33名在校高水平运动员进行普查的基础上,通过目的性抽样选择一名典型"Choking"性运动员作为案例分析,并对其竞赛的心理特征进行深度访谈,共得到2 168条有效信息。经整合和编码,提炼出"Choking"的心理表现特征,最后再就这些心理特征进行纵向的溯源访谈分析,从而揭示网球运动"Choking"现象产生的解释因素。与其他研究不同,此次主要针对"Choking"现象进行个案的运动成长分析,旨在了解网球项目"Choking"现象形成诱因的关联机制。研究得出,网球运动中"Choking"现象的诱因与运动员个人的成长环境、性格特点、运动经历及压力来源等均有关,且各因素间相互联系、相互影响。其中,注意改变是"Choking"现象发生的一个决定性要素。认为,个案成长分析有益于了解网球"Choking"现象中社会和人格诱因要素的作用。

The"Choking"phenomenon in the competition reflects the technical performance of the athletes at critical moments. Although there has been a lot of research on the mechanism of"Choking",it is few to study the psychological characteristics of the"Choking"in tennis and the longitudinal observation of the formation incentives. Based on the censusof 33 high-level athletesintheschool,this studyselectedatypical"Choking"athlete asacasethroughobjectivesampling,and conducted in-depth interviews on the psychological characteristics of the competition. A total of 2168 valid information were obtained. Through the integration and coding,the psychological characteristics of"Choking"are extracted,and then the longitudinal traceability analysis of these psychological characteristics is carried out to reveal the explanatory factors of the"Choking"phenomenon of tennis. Different from other studies,this study focuses on the case’s motion growth analysis to understand the association mechanism of the"Choking"phenomenon of tennis project. The study concludes that the incentives for the"Choking"phenomenon in tennis are related to the athlete’s personal growth environment,personality characteristics,sports experience and sources of stress,and the factors are interrelated and mutually influential. Among them,attention to change is a decisive factor in the occurrence of the"Choking"phenomenon.The study believes that the case growth analysis is useful for understanding the role of social and personality incentives in the tennis"Choking" phenomenon.