4Kitchin, R M, Jacobson, R D. Techniques to collect and analyse the cognitive map knowledge of people with visual impairments or blindness. Journal of Visual Im- pairment and Blindness. 1997(9) :360 - 376.
5中国残疾人联合会康复部,中国盲人协会.走出家门,融入社会,中国残疾人,2008,(1):55.
6Papadopoulos. A school progranune contributes to the environmental knowledge of blind peo - pie. British Journal of Visual Impairment,2004,22(3):101- 105.
7Jacobson R D. Cognitive Mapping Without Sight: four Preliminary Studies of Spatial Learning, Journal of En- vironmental Psychology, 1998, (18):289 - 305.
8Thinus B C, Gaunet F. Representa- tion of space in blind persons: Vision as a spatial sense? Psychological Bulletin, 1997,121 ( 1 ) : 20 - 42.
9Lohav O, Mioduser D. Haptic - feedback support for cognitive mapping of unknown spaces by people who are blind. International Joumal of Human - Computer Stud-ies, 2008,66: 23 - 35.