超越拆分型劳动体制:产业转移与农民工权益保护的新视角

Surmount Highly-divided Labor System: A New Perspective of Industrial Transfer and the Rights and Interests Protection of Migrant Rural Workers

自20世纪80年代末开始的农民工潮一直持续到今天,拆分型劳动体制、农民工劳动体制与宿舍劳动体制和户籍制度等一起塑造了波澜壮阔的农民工现象。产业转移和劳动力短缺现象催生了农民工返乡潮。受劳动力、能源、土地成本上升以及地方产业政策调整等多重因素影响,中国沿海地区全球制造产业近年来加快了向内地转移的步伐。企业内迁形成一种外来工厂本地工的新组织形态,工人的劳动生产与社会生活由过去的分离发展到现在的融合,从而区别于沿海地区的农民工拆分型生产体制。通过梳理产业转移过程中内迁工厂的劳动力管理、生产过程、政企关系、劳动力再生产以及工人的利益抗争等,发现:产业内迁对于农民工权益保护、中国乡村重建和小城镇发展都有着非常重要的意义,同时它也有利于实现费孝通先生所言的乡土社会的有机团结,一定程度上解决了自改革开放以来的农村衰败问题。

Rural migrants working in the cities has been an ongoing phenomenon in China ever since the late 1980s. This large-scale labor migration has been shaped and maintained by the highly-divided production system, the consistent migrant labor supply, the dormitory labor system, and the household registration system. However, in recent years, more and more migrant workers began to return to their hometowns, accompanied by the phenomena of industrial transfer and labor shortage. Driven by a variety of factors, including the adjustment of local policies and the price increase in labor, energy, and land, the manufacturing industries in coastal China have accelerated their paces in relocating to inland China. This continuing relocation has gradually created a new organization style of foreign factories and local workers. Comparing to the old style of labor organization in the coastal manufacturing industry, workers production lives and their social lives are now integrated instead of being separated. This paper studies the phenomenon of factory inland relocation in China, and offers a discussion of the labor management, the productive process, the government-enterprise relation, the labor reproduction and the labor resistance practice during this process. Through the discussion, it is concluded that the industry s inland relocation has significant impact on the protection of worker s rights and interests, the reconstruction of rural China, and the development of small towns. Meanwhile, it will also facilitate achieving the organic solidarity of the rural society, as described by Fei Hsiao-tung, and hence to certain extent help solve the problem of rural decay that has taken place since the Reform and Opening.