清季保举、学堂奖励实官纠葛与铨选变迁

The Entanglement Between School Rewards Real Officials and Recommendation in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Change of Selection

清季科举停废尤其是官制改革之后,面对朝野上下对学堂奖励实官的质疑,文官考试、任用制度提上议程,清朝有意取消学堂奖励实官。在此过程中,旧的保举途径与新的学堂奖励实官关系纠葛,学部与其他各部、各省之间权力关系错综复杂。保举、学堂奖励实官的新旧仕途关系变动的实质,是清朝从新旧杂糅、多途并进、取士与选官混同,转化为建立以学堂与文官考试衔接、培才与选官分离的新的铨选制度的过程。由于保举问题始终悬而未决,取消学堂奖励实官过程一波三折,并直接制约清季铨选转型的进程,体现了清季新旧铨选制度转型的曲折性。

After the abolition of imperial examinations in the late Qing Dynasty,especially the reform of official system,the Qing Dynasty intentionally abolished the school rewards real officials in the face of the queries from the government and the opposition,and the civil service examination and appointment system were put on the agenda. In this process,the relationship between the old way of recommendation and the new way of school rewards real officials was entangled,and the power relationship between the Educational Ministry and other ministries and provinces was complex. The essence behind the change of the relationship between the old and the new official career is that the Qing Dynasty transformed from a mixture of the old and the new,multi-way progress,and the confusion of selecting scholars and selecting officials into a new system of selecting officials by linking schools with civil service examinations and separating training talents from selecting officials. As the issue of recommendation was still pending,the process of canceling school rewards real officials was tortuous,which directly restricted the process of the transformation of the election system in the Qing Dynasty,reflecting the twists and turns of the transformation of the new and old election system in the late Qing Dynasty.