干旱区露天煤矿粉尘污染对白榆和梭梭叶绿素荧光参数的影响

Effect of Dust Pollution on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Typical Plants in Open-pit Coal Mine in Arid Zone

【目的】探究新疆准东露天煤矿开采区的白榆(Ulmus pumilaL.)和梭梭[Haloxylon ammedendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge]叶绿素荧光响应与粉尘覆盖的关系,为干旱荒漠煤炭开采区生态保护提供理论依据。【方法】以白榆和梭梭为试验材料,测定分析其叶绿素荧光参数、叶表面的气孔结构和滞尘量,并利用扫描电镜和激光粒度仪测定植物滞尘颗粒、土壤粉尘和煤粉尘粒径。【结果】①粉尘污染使白榆和梭梭的Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm下降,并对梭梭叶片有显著性影响。②粉尘沉降初期,梭梭的Fm、Fo和Fv变化幅度比白榆大,但未对白榆和梭梭的叶绿素荧光参数造成显著性影响。③白榆中层叶片的Fv/Fm比下层高;随着距污染源距离的增加,梭梭叶片的Fv/Fm逐渐上升。粉尘扩散高度和距离对白榆和梭梭的Fv/Fm均有显著影响④以白榆和梭梭气孔表面单位面积的粉尘颗粒面积与叶表面积比表示植物的滞尘能力,白榆的滞尘能力为14.38%,梭梭的滞尘能力为20.16%。⑤土壤粉尘、煤粉尘和植物叶面尘平均粒径排序为:土壤粉尘(15.93μm)>煤粉尘(5.37μm)>白榆叶面尘(1.83μm)>梭梭叶面尘(1.18μm),因此煤粉尘比土壤粉尘更容易被白榆和梭梭的叶表面吸附。【结论】粉尘在水平和垂直距离上分别会对梭梭和白榆的叶绿素荧光参数造成影响,改变植物的生理生态。

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the relationship between responses of chlorophyll fluorescence of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammedendron and dust coverage in open-pit coalmine in the East Junggar Basin in Xinjiang area, and provide a theoretical basis for ecological protection of arid desert coal mining areas.【Method】 Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammedendron were selected as the experimental material. The chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal structure of leaf surface and dust deposition in leaves of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammedendron were measured and analyzed. The particle size distribution of the particles of leaf surface, soil and coal were also measured by scanning electron microscopy and laser particle analyzer.【Result】(i) The dust pollution caused the F v/ F o and F v/ F m of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammodendron decline, and had a significant effect on the leaves of Haloxylon ammodendron .(ii) In the early stage of dust deposition, the variation amplitude of F m, F o and F v of Haloxylon Ammodendron was more than Ulmus pumila , but the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon Ammodendron were not significantly affected.(iii) The F v/ F m of the middle layer of Ulmus pumila was higher than that of the lower layer;the F v/ F m of the leaves of Haloxylon ammodendron increased gradually with the increase of distance from the pollution source. The dust diffusion height and distance have a significant effect on the F v/ F m of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammodendron .(iv) According to the ratio of dust particle area to leaf surface area per unit area of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammodendron the ability of adhering dust of Ulmus pumila was 14.38 % and Haloxylon ammedendron was 20.16 %.(v) The particle size was decreased in the order of soil dust (15.93 μm)> coal dust (5.37 μm)>leaf dust of Ulmus pumila (1.83 μm)>leaf dust of Haloxylon ammodendron (1.18 μm), and coal dust is therefore more easily adhered on leaf surfaces of Ulmus pumila and Haloxylon ammodendron than soil dust.【Conculusion】The dust affects the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Haloxylon ammodendron and Ulmus pumila in horizontal and vertical distances, respectively, and changes the physiological ecology of plants.