双及物结构

Ditransitive Constructions

双及物结构是一种带有三个论元--施事(A)、客体(T)和接事(R)的语法结构式,它表达的是所有权转移事件(如give “给”、lend “借”等)或者认知转移事件(如tell “告诉”、show “展示”等)。双及物结构的跨语言研究已揭示了三种主要的配置类型:间接宾语式配置(R被特殊对待,以区别于单及物式中受事P)、次要宾语式配置(T被特殊对待)和中和式配置(或曰双宾式)。配置方式可以具有构式特异性,也即,在论元编码方式和行为特性上相区别。语言有时会展现出配置交替的情况(多种结构有大致相同的意义),也常常呈现出配置分裂的情况(条件不同,结构式不同)。结构式分裂的情况总是基于R和T的指称显著度差异而出现的,并且预期越低,形式编码的差异越显著。成分顺序通常对宾语的话题价值也很敏感。宾语优先级的确立通常立足于线性序列,但也可能由话题价值来决定,此时R享有对T的优先级。相较于其他一些带有更多空间义的动词,如bring “带来”或send “寄”,表示give “给”的双及物动词表现出对中和式配置更强的倾向性。

Ditransitive constructions are syntactic constructions with three arguments, an agent (A), a theme (T), and a recipient (R), which express an event of possessive transfer (“give”“lend”, etc.) or an event of cognitive transfer (“tell”“show”, etc.). Their cross-linguistic study has revealed three major alignment types: indirective alignment (with the R treated in a special way, distinct from monotransitive P), secundative alignment (with the T treated in a special way), and neutral alignment (or double-object construction). Alignments may be construction specific, that is, different in argument coding and behavioral properties. Languages sometimes exhibit alignment alternations (multiple constructions with roughly the same meaning), and they often exhibit alignment splits (different constructions under different conditions). The splits are always based on the referential prominence of the R and the T, and show more explicit formal coding for less expected scenarios. Constituent order is also typically sensitive to the topic-worthiness of the objects. Object-object primacy is often based on linear order, but may also be determined by topic-worthiness, with the R having primacy over the T. Ditransitive verbs expressing “give” show a stronger tendency for neutral alignment than do others with a more spatial meaning such as “bring” or “send”.