夫妻共同债务认定中的用途规则——兼论最高人民法院法释【2018】2号的体系融入

On the Use Rule in the Conjugal Joint Debt Determination ——the Analysis of the Judicial Interpretation of Supreme People’s Court [2018] No.2

由《婚姻法》第41条确立的用途规则是夫妻共同债务认定的源规则。后续一系列司法解释、答复复函、补充规定、工作通知均只针对债务用途的推定、排除及举证责任分配问题,仅是对据以实现实体规则之程序性事项的规定。法释[2018]2号以“共签共债”的一般合同规则为“提醒式”前置,以“家事代理、用于共同生活和共同生产经营”的广义用途规则为兜底,符合利益平衡和当下社会现状。法释[2018]2号将替代与之抵触的旧规定,并与无直接冲突的旧规定配合适用。针对具体用途,直接为家庭生活所负债务、间接为增加夫妻共同财产所负债务,以及因生活固有风险产生的法定之债均属于夫妻共同债务;夫妻一方对外担保之债应根据其具体用途判断是否为夫妻共同债务。

The “use” rule established by Article 41 of Marriage Law is the source rule for the determination of conjugal joint debt.Subsequent judicial interpretations,reply to the letter,supplementary provisions,work notices are mainly focused on the presumption of the use of debt,exclusion and distribution of proof burden,only for procedural matters based on the realization of substantive rules. The interpretation of [2018] No.2 is based on the general contract rule of “co-signed debt is the joint debt ”,and takes the generalized use rules of “family agency,common life and production,operation” as the bottom line,which is in line with the balance of interests and the current state of society.The interpretation of [2018] No.2 will replace the old rules that contradict it,and will be applied in conjunction with the old provisions that are not directly conflict with it.Specifically speaking,the debt directly used for family life,the debt indirectly used for increasing the property of family,and the statutory debt arising from the inherent risks of life all belong to the conjugal joint debt;the debts of a spouse’s external guarantee shall be judged according to its specific purpose to decide whether it belongs to conjugal joint debt.