检视德国债编各论新修正工程合同规定的定作人变更权

Study on the principal's right to order changes in the construction plan in the New German Civil Code.

德国一般民间的工程合同,并未要求其遵循"《营建工程采购与合同规则》"(die Vergabe-und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistung)。《德国民法》的规定往往不够详细,过去一些民间工程合同常发生争议的问题,民法承揽篇没有规范,只能依赖当事人间的协商和法院的判决。有广泛的判决涉及此一领域,对适用法律的人已经丧失透视性。考虑工程合同的类型、建筑技术的不断发展、内容复杂而特殊、工程合同常有较长的履行期间,累积的判决也使新增专章规范的条件成熟。德国联邦议会审议通过修正工程合同法之法案。将工程合同(§§650 A-650O)、建筑师与工程师合同(§§650P-650T),以及消费者工程合同(§§650U-650V)订入民法之中。立法者修法时所考虑的指示变更动机,引据"履行期较长的复杂工程合同",在个案中未必适用。实务上只要有工程合同存在,不必然需要工程合同履行期是否较长或者较为复杂,均可指示变更。

German Civil Construction contracts do not require them to follow the“The Construction Contract Procedures Part B(VOB/B)”.The provisions of the German Civil Law are often not detailed enough.In the past,some civil construction contract often had controversial issues,and the contract articles were not standardized.It can only rely on the negotiation between the parties and the judgment of the court.There are a wide range of judgments covering this area,and lack of transparency.Considering the type of construction contract and the continuous development of construction technology,the content is complex and special,and the Construction contract often has a long period of performance.The accumulated judgment also makes the conditions of the new special legislation mature.The German Federal Parliament passed a bill to amend the Construction Contract Law in the Civil Code.The Construction contract(§§650 A-650O),the architect and engineer contract(§§650P-650T),and the consumer engineering contract(§§650U-650V)are included in the amendment.The motives for the change oders considered by the legis-lator in the amendment are cited as“complex construction contracts with longer performance periods”,but in practice,it is not necessary to require the project contract implementation period to be longer or more complicated,and the change can be indicated.