从典籍中的重耳流亡故事和形象之差异看“语”类文献特点

Viewing the Characteristics of "Language" Documents from the Differences Between the Story and the Image of Chong Er Exile in The Classics

重耳流亡故事主要见于传世文献中的《左传》《史记》和《国语》,以及新近公布的清华简《子犯子余》篇。《左传》《史记》和《国语》中的重耳形象呈现出一个逐渐变化的过程,由开始的不成熟转变到后来的成熟,而清华简《子犯子余》中的重耳则全然具有一种正面的、积极的色彩。通过《国语》和清华简《子犯子余》的对比,发现出土的短篇语类文献几乎不叙事,没有故事情节,而如《国语》般的长篇语类文献则有记事的成分,甚至它在条件允许的情况下,还要把章节组织,构成一个叙事的构架;二者在语言上的不同之处在于,《国语》的语言较正式,上下文之间有较为严密的逻辑,语言描述间互为铺垫。而《子犯子余》记述语言更为口语化。《子犯子余》或为当时《国语》整理者所整理的散见材料。

The story of Chong Er exile is mainly found in the classics of Zuo zhuan, Shiji and Guoyu, as well as Zifanziyu, the lately published eighth volumes of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips. The image of the Chong Er in Zuozhuan, Shiji and Guoyu is gradually improved, from immaturity in the beginning to be mature. However, in the eighth volumes of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips of Zifanziyu, Chong Er is always a good and positive person. Through the comparison between Guoyu and the eighth volumes of Tsinghua Bamboo Slips of Zifanziyu, it is found that normally the unearthed short language documents are not narrative and they do not have a storyline. But the long language literature like Guoyu is totally different,and it might organize the chapters and constitute a narrative framework if possible. The difference between the two in language is that the language of Guoyu is formal;the context is logical and the contents are echoing with each other. However, the language in Zifanziyu is relatively colloquial. There is a chance that Zifanziyu may be the scattered materials organized by those who collected Guoyu.