论古代社会农耕民族与游牧民族对抗灾荒的不同方式

On Different Ways of Farmers and Nomads in Resisting Famines in Ancient Society

农耕民族和游牧民族都要面对灾荒的挑战,由于生产方式的特点不同,对抗灾荒的方法和手段也各有异同。总体来说,农耕民族对抗自然灾害最普遍、最有效的方法是储蓄,特别是粮食的储蓄。此外,灾前预防、政府救助、移民就粟,邻里互助也是农耕人群度过灾荒的重要手段。游牧民族对抗自然灾害的最有效方法则是移动,只要能够及时转移,躲开灾害,生产就能很快恢复。游牧民族还通过采集狩猎、互助协作,甚至部落兼并和对外战争的方式度过灾荒。

Both farmers and nomads have to face disastrous famines. Owning to different characteristics of the mode of production, their ways against famines are also distinct. In general, the most common and effective way of farmers is to store food, especially grains. In addition, prevention, government assistance, migration, mutual-aid in neighborhood are also important ways for them. The most effective way for nomads is to migrate. As long as they can migrate timely, they will resume their production soon. Therefore, the nomads also managed to deal with famines by hunting, mutual assistance and even tribe annexation and wars.