明清时期“六谕”思想的起源与发展

The Origin and Development of Liuyu in Ming and Qing Dynasties

《六谕衍义》一书于十八世纪经琉球传入日本,在日本形成庞大的异本体系,被认为是“东传日本的道德修养书中流通最广,被最多人诵读的书籍”,对日本社会及思想文化等方面产生了深远影响。但如今在中国国内仅有国家图书馆藏有1721年在日本出版发行的《六谕衍义》刻本,可以说《六谕衍义》的原版在中国国内近乎散佚。通过论述“六谕”与“里甲制”“乡约”“家训”等明代乡村制度及儒家、法家的关联,不仅可以辨明“六谕”思想的源流及其于清代的发展,也可以更进一步说明“六谕”思想在明清时期深化扩展的情况,突出其作为儒教伦理道德思想的特性与重要性,为《六谕衍义》于中国国内的文化史研究乃至中日文化比较研究打下坚实的基础。

Liuyu is a bulletin promulgated by Hongwu Emperor Zhu yuanzhang in 1388 , which aimed at the enlightenment of the common people. In the early Qing dynasty, the Confucian scholar Fang Hong commentated on Liuyu, and made the Liuyuyanyi. It was introduced eastward to Japan in 18th century, during which mass education was highly valued. A large number of variant editions of translation had come into being and a huge system was formed since then. It also known as the most-widely spread tutelage book of moral education in Japan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and have an important impact on keeping the feudal system of Japan. Among the ten major libraries in China, only the Chinese National Library has the block-printed edition published in Japan in 1721. so to speak, Liuyuyanyi is nearly lost in China. This essay discusses the relevance between Liuyu and the rural system in the Ming Dynasty such as Li jia system, country invite, parental instruction and Confucians and Legalists, which identifies the origin and development of Liuyu, and would lay a solid foundation for the study of the history of culture in China and even the comparative study of Chinese and Japanese culture.