物的定义与《物权编》

Definition of Things and Book of Property Right

物的定义是建构规范和科学的《物权编》必不可少的要素,《物权编》应当明确物的定义,修补《中华人民共和国物权法》(以下简称《物权法》)和《民法总则》的关系,引导学理研究与立法的良性互动。物的定义取决于《物权法》的定位,《物权法》是财产基本法,这一定位体现了时代性,也应是《物权编》的定位。将物定义为有体物是《德国民法典》时代的产物,不能适应现代中国的现实需要,《物权编》的物应是具有可支配性的财产,包括有体物和无体物。理解无体物不应停留于盖尤斯的本意,应依据无体物的学理定义扩大无体物的外延,用以容纳和反映现代社会的货币价值形态的财产。为此,建议《物权编》在一般规定中增设一条两款:"物是能为民事主体直接支配的有体物或无体物。无体物是具有一定货币价值的权利或利益,包括货币、资产、无形资产、数据信息、权利凭证等。"

The definition of things is an essential element for the construction of normative and scientific Property Law.The Book of Property should clarify the definition of things,make up for the loopholes of Property law of People’s Republic of China and General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China,and guide the positive interaction between theoretical study and legislation.The definition of things depends on the orientation of the property law.The Property law of People’s Republic of China is the basic law of property.This orientation reflects the characteristics of times,and it should also be the orientation of the Book of Property.Defining things as physical objects is a product of the era of the German Civil Code and cannot meet the realistic demand of modern China.The things defined in the Book of Property should be disposable,including things corporeal and things incorporeal.The understanding of things incorporeal should not stagnate at its original meaning invented by Gaius but expand its extension based on its theoretical definition to include and reflect the property in the form of the monetary value in the modern society.In order to achieve this goal,one more article consisting of two paragraphs is recommended to be added into the general provisions of the Book of Property:"things are objects that can be directly controlled by civil subjects,including things corporeal and things incorporeal.Things incorporeal are rights or interests that have a certain monetary value,including currency,assets,intangible assets,data information,rights certificates,etc."