古希腊的演说术与修辞术之辩(上篇)

An Analysis on the Different Understanding of Socrates and Sophists About Rhetorikē

关于古希腊的演说辞和修辞术,我国学界已经积累了为数不少的翻译文献,但这不等于我们已经理解了古希腊的rhetorikē。比如,这个语词应该译作"演说术"还是"修辞术",迄今仍然是个问题。演说术产生于政治生活中掌控民众的需求,兴盛于城邦的民主政治时期;演说术虽是口头言辞行为,却基于文章写作技艺;演说辞讲究文采,雕琢言辞,以求达到控制听众的目标,修辞术即服务于此文饰目的。它们利用修辞性推论的方式,诉诸特殊的理智能力,以达到说服的效果。苏格拉底同样认同修辞术的劝服功能,但他更注重基于修辞性推论引导个人反思自身的爱欲,以实现自我教育的提升。下篇将论述柏拉图、苏格拉底对辩证术与修辞术的融合,以及中西方哲人在此问题上的共契。

Although our academic circle has accumulated a lot of references about ancient Greek’s rhetorikē,it does not mean that we have the accurate understanding about rhetorikē;or how to translate that word into Chinese is still remaining open.Rhetorikē can both mean elocation and protreptic. Elocation gets into practise in the need of controling people,and it thrives in the democratic period. Elocation is a kind of oral activity which is based on the technique of writing;and the elocation sharpen words and uses literary grace to influence people,and these techniques also belongs to protreptic;protreptic inference influenced the particular intellect to promote protreptic function. Socrates admits the function of protreptic,and above all he guides protreptic inference to reflect the eros of individual in order to practise the self-education. The next paper will discuss Socrates and Plato’s combination of elocation and protreptic,and the consensus between western and eastern sages.