马克思对近代社会契约论的价值规范性批判

Marx's Normative Critique on the Modern Social Contract Theory

近代社会契约论关于社会构成的解释并非着眼于科学实证的历史描述,而是先验化地提供一套合乎市民社会原则的规范性标准,以此确保个体的自由并建构共同体的政治合法性。马克思哲学对社会契约论的超越既是从经验事实出发的质疑,更是具有价值规范性的批判。这种批判以社会构成问题为中心,主要呈现为三个维度的转变:在个体自由上,实现了从自我立法到自由联合的转变;在政治合法性上,实现了从道德政治到共产主义的转变;在社会性原则上,实现了从市民社会到人类社会的转变。这种批判在肯定社会契约论进步性的同时,深刻地揭示了其理论局限性,充分展现了马克思政治哲学的价值超越性。

The interpretation of social composition in modern social contract theory does not focus on the historical description of scientific evidence,but on providing a set of normative standards that conform to the principles of civil society,thereby ensuring the freedom of individuals and the political legitimacy of the community. The transcendence of Marx’ s political philosophy to the social contract theory is not only questioning from empirical facts,but also a normative critique. This critique is centered on the issue of social composition,mainly in the transformation of three dimensions: in the individual freedom,realized the transformation from self-legislation to free association;in political legitimacy,realized the transformation from moral politics to communism;in the social principle,realized the transformation from civil society to human society. While affirming the progressive nature of social contract theory,this critique profoundly reveals its theoretical limitations and fully demonstrates the transcendental value of Marx’ s political philosophy.