福柯论“医院空间”的政治权力运作

The Implications of Political Philosophy in Michel Foucault's “Hospital Space” Thought

聚焦空间权力的"空间理论"是福柯政治哲学的重要组成部分,而对"医院空间"问题的探讨则集中体现出其政治哲学的独特性和现实性。然而,国内外学界对这一具有独特地理学思想维度的空间理论的研究还有待进一步的深入。在福柯看来,18世纪末,空间问题之所以成了医学的根本问题,是由于医学训诫和管治技术在医院空间内运作和医学对环境的持续干预,医院实现了从收容空间向医疗空间的转型,临床医学和疾病分类政治学随之诞生,人口健康也随之成为政治权力的根本目标。从医院空间、家庭空间到城市空间甚至人类空间,医学话语与医学权力的交织关系愈来愈复杂和拓展。世界成了医院,治理成了治疗。虽然福柯医学空间思想明确提醒我们警惕、防备进而反抗在医院空间乃至社会空间中运作的过度权力,并断然拒绝"社会矫形外科学"的权力运作,这是建设性的,但福柯所说"世界成了一个大疯人院"与其泛权力论一样夸大其辞。在当今社会的空间化、网格化治理中,只有各方政治力量达成动态平衡才是付出最小代价的合理治理。

Focusing on space power, the " space theory" is an important part of Foucault’ s political philosophy, the discussion of " hospital space" embodies the uniqueness and reality of its political philosophy. In Foucault’s opinion, at the end of the eighteenth Century, the space problem has become the fundamental problem of the hospital, the reason is the exercises of the technology of medical discipline and police in the hospital space and medicine’ s intervention in the environment, the hospital realized the transformation from the assistance space to the medicine space, the clinical medicine and the noso-politics came into being, and the population health also became the fundamental goal of the political power. From hospital space, family space, to urban space and even human space, the interweaving relationship between medical discourse and medical power is becoming more and more complex and expanding. In the spatialization and grid government of today’ s society, only when all political forces achieve dynamic equilibrium can we have the reasonable government at minimum cost.