论晚清西学书目中“西学”内涵的演进

On the Evolution of the Connotation of “Western Learning”in the Bibliography of Western Learning in the Late Qing Dynasty

1880至1904年编制的西学书目前后继踵,形成系列,集中反映了对西学认知的历时性变化。从名称上看,这批书目概有译书、西学、东西学、新学、科学等不同称谓;从内涵上看,大致经历了一个从格致(自然科学)到社会科学再到人文科学的不断扩容过程。而分类体系的变迁,涉及对西学关注焦点的定夺以及对不同文献学术价值的权衡,成为学术应时转型的体系性陈述。因此,西学书目的发展,既是文献秩序的演进,也是学术坐标的后出转精,呈现出衡量知识价值的不同标准和分配知识权力的不同方案,并直接对应于不同语境下国家前途命运的路径选择。

The western learning books compiled from 1880 to 1904 are now in a series, which mainly reflect the diachronic changes in the cognition of western learning. Analysis by name, this batch of bibliography has the different appellation such as translation book, western learning, thing learning, new learning, science almost. From the perspective of connotation, it has experienced a process of continuous expansion from pattern and structure(natural science) to social science and then to humanities. However,the change of classification system involves the determination of the focus of western learning and the balance of the academic value of different literatures, which has become a systematic statement of academic transformation. Therefore, the development of bibliography of western learning is not only the evolution of literature order, but also the evolution of academic coordinates. It presents different standards to measure the value of knowledge and different schemes to distribute knowledge power, and directly corresponds to the path selection of the future and destiny of a country in different contexts.