氮肥对室内和大田条件下作物秸秆分解和养分释放的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Under Lab Incubation and Field Conditions

【目的】明确室内和大田条件下小麦和玉米秸秆分解和养分释放的影响因素,能够为作物秸秆合理还田及其养分管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法于室内培养和大田试验相结合研究氮肥用量(0,CK;180 kg N·hm^(-2),N180和360 kg N·hm^(-2),N360)作用下作物秸秆分解特征,其中室内主要研究氮肥用量和土壤类型(砂姜黑土和潮土)对小麦和玉米秸秆分解的影响;2015年6月至2016年6月冬小麦-夏玉米大田研究氮肥用量和秸秆还田深度(地表和20 cm)对小麦和玉米秸秆分解的影响。【结果】室内研究发现,秸秆类型和土壤类型显著影响秸秆分解常数、有机碳释放量、氮释放量和磷释放量。随氮肥用量增加,小麦秸秆分解常数在两种土壤类型上均呈增加趋势,玉米秸秆呈降低趋势;小麦和玉米秸秆氮释放量呈降低趋势(小麦秸秆在潮土上呈增加趋势)。小麦秸秆在潮土上的分解常数及其碳、氮、磷释放量均显著高于砂姜黑土,而土壤类型对玉米秸秆分解影响较小。室内相同培养条件下(180 d),小麦秸秆碳释放量均值为370 g·kg^(-1)、氮为4 g·kg^(-1)、磷为3.6 g·kg^(-1);玉米秸秆碳释放量为560 g·kg^(-1)、氮11 g·kg^(-1)、磷3.3 g·kg^(-1)。大田条件下,秸秆还田深度显著影响小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数及其碳、氮、磷释放量;其中秸秆还田20 cm处理的分解常数及其养分释放量均显著高于地表处理。随氮肥用量增加,地表处理小麦秸秆分解常数和全碳释放量逐渐降低,玉米秸秆呈增加趋势;20 cm处理小麦分解常数及其碳、氮和磷释放量均随氮肥用量呈增加趋势,而玉米秸秆呈降低趋势。地表处理小麦秸秆经过一个玉米生长季能分解40%,释放碳150 g·kg^(-1)、氮2 g·kg^(-1)、磷3.5 g·kg^(-1)左右;翻埋到地下20 cm可以分解80%,释放碳360 g·kg^(-1)、氮4 g·kg^(-1)、磷3.8 g·kg^(-1)。玉米秸秆还田到地表,经过一个小麦生长季只能分解40%,释放碳210 g·kg^(-1)、氮5 g·kg^(-1)、磷2 g·kg^(-1);而还田于土层20 cm处理可以分解60%,释放碳360 g·kg^(-1)、氮6 g·kg^(-1)、磷2.5 g·kg^(-1)。主成分分析结果表明,室内条件下小麦秸秆分解常数与土壤无机氮、脲酶、秸秆氮含量呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶和秸秆碳氮比呈显著负相关,而玉米秸秆分解常数与土壤无机氮呈显著负相关。大田条件下小麦秸秆分解常数与土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、秸秆碳氮比、秸秆碳、氮含量均显著负相关;玉米秸秆分解常数与土壤硝态氮、无机氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶以及秸秆碳氮比均呈显著负相关,而与秸秆氮、磷含量呈显著正相关。【结论】室内培养试验和大田试验均表明,小麦和玉米秸秆分解常数和养分释放特征存在差异,增施氮肥促进小麦秸秆分解但对玉米秸秆分解的影响较小;潮土和砂姜黑土显著影响小麦秸秆分解而对玉米秸秆分解的影响较小,秸秆还田深埋入土能够显著促进小麦和玉米秸秆的分解及其养分释放。生产上作物秸秆应该还田入土,并根据土壤类型和作物类型采取合适的肥料用量促进秸秆分解。

[Objective] The study was carried out to investigate factors affecting the decomposition and nutrient release of wheat and maize residue under indoor and field conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational return of crop residue and its suitable nutrient management practices.[Method] We conducted indoor incubation experiment with nylon bag and field experiment to study residue decomposition characteristics of wheat and maize under various nitrogen (N) fertilizer dosages (0, CK;180 kg N·hm^-1, N180;360kg N·hm^-2, N360). In indoor environment, we focused on the effects of N dosage and soil types (Shajiang black soil: ST, Fluvo-aquic soil: FT), while in field condition, we emphasized on the effects of N dosages and burying depth (surface and 20 cm depth treatment) of the residue.[Result] Laboratory studies found that both residue types and soil types significantly affected residue decay constant, C, N, and P release. With the increasing of N application rate, the decay constant of wheat residue increased in both soil types, while the maize residue decreased. The N releases of maize and wheat residue decreased (the wheat residue increased in FT soil). The decay constant of wheat residue of the FT soil and the release of C, N, and P were significantly higher than those of the ST soil, while the soil types had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. Under the lab incubation condition (180d), the average C releases of wheat residue were 370g·kg^-1, N was 4g·kg^-1, and P was 3.6g·kg^-1;maize residue C release was 560 g·kg^-1, N was 11g·kg^-1, and P was 3.3g·kg^-1. Under field condition, the depth of residue returning significantly affected the decay constants of wheat and maize residue and the release of C, N and P. The decay constant and nutrient releases of residues treated with 20 cm were significantly higher than that of surface treatment. For surface treatment, the decay constant and C release of wheat residue declined gradually with the increase of N fertilizer application rate, but the maize residue increased. For 20 cm treatment, the decay constant of wheat residue and the release of C, N, and P increased with the amount of N fertilizer, while maize residue showed a decreasing trend. Under field condition, surface wheat residue biomass could decompose 40% after a maize growing season (June - October 2015), releasing 150 g C·kg^-1, 2g N·kg^-1 and 3.5 g P·kg^-1;burying underground to 20 cm could decompose 80%, releasing 360 g C·kg^-1, 4gN·kg^-1, and 3.8 g P·kg^-1. Maize residues biomass could only decompose 40% after a wheat growth season (October 2015-June 2016) when the residues being returned to the surface, releasing 210g C·kg^-1, 5 g N·kg^-1, and 2 g P·kg^-1, but the 20 cm treatment could decompose 60%, releasing 360g·kg^-1, 6 g N·kg^-1, and 2.5 g P·kg^-1. Principal component analysis showed that the decay constant of wheat residue under indoor conditions was significantly positively correlated with soil inorganic N, urease and straw N content, and negatively correlated with soil sucrase and straw C/N ratio, while maize residue decay constant was negatively correlated with soil inorganic N. Under field conditions, the decay constant of wheat residue was negatively correlated with soil urease, soil invertase, residue C content, N content and residue C/N ratio, while maize residue decay constant was negatively correlated with soil inorganic N content, soil urease, invertase and residue C/N ratio, and positively correlated with residue N and P content.[Conclusion]Both indoor and field experiment showed that the decay constants and nutrient release characteristics of wheat and maize residue were different. The application of N fertilizer promoted the decomposition of wheat residue but had little effect on the decomposition of maize residue. The soil types (ST and FT) significantly affected the decomposition of wheat residue, but the effects on maize residue decomposition were small. Returning crop residue to the soil could significantly promote the decomposition of wheat and maize residue and its nutrient release. In production, the crop residue should be returned to the soil, and appropriate N dosage should be adopted to soil types and residue types to promote the decomposition of straw.