《斧柄集》的深层生态学思想与中国的儒、释、道文化

On Influence of Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism on Deep Ecology Philosophy in Axe Handles

正值深层生态学运动方兴未艾之际,美国诗人加里·斯奈德结束在日本长达10年的修禅生活,归隐美国加州的内华达山,践行中国古代的精神生活并着手创作《斧柄集》。诗集对西方动物伦理思想、现代生物科学原理和中国传统文化的兼收并蓄,凸显出斯奈德广阔的文化视野和终极的人文关怀。收录的71首诗作通过“弋不射宿”等典故以及“环”“斧柄”等象征和隐喻,构建了具有中国文化特色的语言和意象,将中国儒家仁爱万物的观点、禅宗佛学的宇宙整体观和儒道“天人合一”的思想蕴含在斯奈德的生物伦理思想、整体主义世界观以及人与自然共生共荣的生态理想之中。斯奈德结合中国传统文化的智慧进行诗歌创作,旨在发展深层生态学所具有的普世哲学意义,揭示生物多样性和人类文化多样性之间的内在联系,探讨人类文化与自然合一对于文明传承的意义。中国的儒、释、道文化是理解斯奈德的深层生态学思想、探究其文化渊源的一把钥匙,对重塑人类在生物圈的位置、变革西方文明中腐朽的人类中心主义价值观,彻底解决生态危机、重建健康的现代精神文明,具有重要价值。

With deep ecology movement gaining popularity around the world, Gary Snyder,the American poet who dwelled in Sierra Nevada, California in seclusion, followed the spiritual path of Chinese ancient philosophers and composed a collection of poems Axe Handles after ten years of Zen training in Japan. Chinese traditional cultures and theories of modern biology and animal ethics permeate this collection, showing the poet’s grand cultural perspectives and his concern over cultural inheritance. By quoting Confucius and employing such culturally distinct symbols and metaphors as axe handles and loops to render his poetic language and images distinctive Chinese characteristics, the 71 poems in this collection include Confucian virtue of benevolence, holism of Zen philosophy and the idea of oneness of both Confucianism and Daoism in Snyder’s bioethics thought, holistic world view and ecological thought of man-nature coexistence. Snyder composed poems with the wisdom of traditional Chinese culture to develop the universal values of deep ecology, to exhibit the close relationship between biodiversity and cultural diversity, and to explore the significance of merging culture into nature on cultural inheritance. As a key to understanding Snyder’s deep ecology philosophy and inquiring into its cultural origins, Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism help redefine human-nature relationship, convert anthropocentrism to biocentrism and contribute to the construction of a healthy spiritual civilization.