施用有机肥对黑土区农田大型土壤动物群落的影响

Effect of application of organic manure on soil macrofauna community in black soil area

为了解有机肥施用对耕作黑土区大型土壤动物群落结构的影响,2016年6—9月在内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗农业科技示范园区种植基地进行定点试验,研究有机肥不同施用量0 (OM1)、15 000 (OM2)、30 000 (OM3)和45 000 kg/hm^2(OM4)对大型土壤动物的群落结构的影响。共捕获大型土壤动物2 628只,隶属于46个类群。结果表明:隐翅甲科、正蚓科和象甲科幼虫等类群对有机肥施用变化适应性最高。OM4处理显著提高大型土壤动物的个体密度(P<0.05),OM3处理提高大型土壤动物类群数,但未达到显著差异(P>0.05)。OM1处理下多样性指数和均匀度指数最大,OM3处理提高丰富度指数,但均无显著差异(P>0.05)。有机肥处理后大型土壤动物具有明显的表聚性,并且随着有机肥施用量的增加表聚性增强。大型土壤动物功能类群以腐食性为主,并且随着有机肥施用量的增加其个体数增加。主成分分析表明,线蚓科、隐翅甲科、长足虻科幼虫和金龟甲科幼虫等土壤动物个体数及类群数对外界环境的变化最为敏感,可以作为考察东北黑土区农田有机肥施加效应与缓解黑土地退化的评价指标。

In order to understand the effect of organic manure application on the community structure of soil macrofauna in cultivated black soil,a fixed-point test was carried out in the planting base of Zhalaid Banner Agricultural Science and Technology Demonstration Park in Hinggan League,Inner Mongolia from June to September 2016.The effects of different application rates of organic manure 0(OM1),15 000(OM2),30 000(OM3) and 45 000 kg/hm^2(OM4) on the community structure of soil macrofauna were studied.A total of 2 628 soil macrofauna were captured,belonging to 46 groups.The results showed that the groups such as the Staphylinidae,Lumbricidae and Curculionidae larvae had the highest adaptability to the gradient of organic manure application.The OM4 treatment significantly increased the individual density of soil macrofauna(P<0.05),and the OM3 treatment increased the number of soil macrofauna groups,but did not reach significant difference(P>0.05).The diversity index and evenness index were the highest under the OM1 treatment,and the richness index was improved by the OM3 treatment,but there was no significant difference(P>0.05).The soil macrofauna had obvious convergence after the organic manure application,and the convergence increased with the increasing of organic manure fertilization gradient.The functional groups of soil macrofauna were mainly rotted,and the number of individuals increased with the increasing of organic manure application.The principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the number of groups and the number of individuals of soil macrofauna such as Enchytraeidae,Staphylinidae,the larvae of the Dolichopodadae and the larvae of the Scarabaeoidae were most sensitive to the changes of the external environment,and it can be used as an evaluation index to investigate the effects of organic manure application and alleviate the black land degradation in the black soil region of Northeast China.