国家区试鲜食春大豆重要农艺性状的演变

Evolution of Important Agronomic Traits of Vegetable Spring Soybean Varieties Attending National Regional Test

为指导鲜食春大豆高产优质新品种的选育与推广,分析了2004-2017年国家区试鲜食春大豆品种的14个重要农艺性状及其演变规律。研究结果显示:国家区试鲜食春大豆品种性状的遗传变异十分丰富,变异系数为5.9%～33.49%,遗传变异系数最大的性状是单株有效鲜荚数,而采青天数、标准二粒荚荚长和荚宽的遗传变异系数较小。随着年度的递进,鲜食春大豆的株型、鲜荚产量、口感、荚型性状获得了逐渐的改良。主成分分析表明,荚数与生育生长、鲜荚产量、株型、荚率、品尝品质和荚型因子是鲜食春大豆性状变异的最主要影响因子。相关性分析显示,鲜荚产量与单株有效分枝数、百粒鲜重、单株鲜荚重、标准二粒荚荚长极显著正相关,与500 g标准荚数极显著负相关,与其余性状相关性不显著。A级口感率与采青天数、株高、主茎节数、单株有效荚数等性状极显著负相关。因此,鲜食春大豆品种选育时,应注重分枝多、粒大荚长而饱满的亲本组配及后代选择,协调荚型、株型和生育期的改良,从而选育出高产优质鲜食春大豆新品种。

In order to guide the breeding and promotion of high yield and high quality new varieties of vegetable spring soybean, the variety test data of vegetable spring soybeans from 2004 to 2017 in the national region were analyzed, and the evolution rules of 14 important agronomic traits of vegetable spring soybean varieties were studied. The results showed that there were abundant genetic variations in the traits of the national trial vegetable spring soybean varieties, with the variation coefficient between 5.9% and 33.49%. With the progress of the year, the plant type, fresh pod yield, taste and pod trait of vegetable spring soybean were improved gradually. The principal component analysis showed that fresh pod number and growth, fresh pod yield, plant type, pod rate, taste quality and pod type factor were the most important factors influencing the variation of vegetable spring soybean. The results showed that fresh pod yield was positively correlated with the effective branches per plant, 100 fresh seeds weight, fresh pod weight per plant and standard pod length, and negatively correlated with 500 g standard pod number, but not significantly correlated with other traits. The grade A taste quality rate was negatively correlated with fresh pod harvested days, plant height, nodes on main stem and effective branches per plant. Therefore, in the selection and breeding of vegetable spring soybean varieties, attention should be paid to the combination of parents with many branches, long and full seed pods and the selection of offspring, so as to coordinate the improvement of pod type, plant type and growth trait, and thus to select new varieties of high yield and high quality vegetable spring soybean.