明代庙堂理学、民间理学发展特点——兼论汉学、宋学的统一性

Characteristics of Governmental and Nongovernmental Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty: On the Unity of Sinology and Song Studies

清代汉学、宋学之争是贯穿学术研究的一条主线,然而汉学和宋学不仅具有斗争性,同时也具有连贯性和统一性。从统一性来看,明代整理了宋元以来文献典籍,将程朱理学设为官学,同时作为科举考试和价值导向,从工具理性和价值理性上,影响了整个东亚的儒家文化,形成了延续到现在的儒家文化共同体。在民间理学方面,明代心学高扬了价值理性和主体性,为清代学术作了充分的思想准备,奠定了理论基础。在方法论上,明代理学是清代学术方法的前奏;在工夫论上,明代心学等奠定的工夫论在清代仍然有巨大影响力。

The controversy between Qing Sinology and Song Studies is a main line running through the academia,but Qing Sinology and Song Studies were not only against each other,but also had coherence and unity.From the unity point of view,the Confucianism in Ming Dynasty has sorted out the documents and books since Song and Yuan Dynasties.As the imperial examination and value orientation,it influenced the Confucian culture of the whole East Asia on the aspects of instrumental rationality and value rationality,and has formed the Confucian cultural community which continues to the present.In the aspect of nongovernmental Neo-Confucianism,Ming Dynasty’s theory of mind raised the value rationality and subjectivity,made full ideological preparations for Qing Dynasty’s scholarship,and laid a theoretical foundation for it.In methodology,the Ming Dynasty Confucianism is the prelude to the academic method of the Qing Dynasty;its gongfu theory laid down by Ming Dynasty psychologists still has great influence on Qing Dynasty.