内在批判与规范的矛盾:对批判理论批判方法的反思

Immanent Critique and the Paradox of Norms: Reflections on the Critical Theory’s Approach

在批判理论的新近发展中,对批判方法的反思重新成为一项重要议题。该理论的拥护者和反对者都把内在批判视为其核心方法。近年来,该方法的可能性越发遭到广泛质疑。对该方法的质疑,既涉及其基本的理论预设,也涉及其运用问题。首要的和基本的问题是该方法的自洽问题,即具有超越潜力的内在批判如何可能。针对该问题,有两种可能的解决路径,即形式人类学的解决路径和规范的矛盾的解决路径。一种有关规范的矛盾思想能够更好地解决内在批判的自洽问题。它既不否定规范研究的重要性,也不否认否定性经验的建构作用,它能够同时融合两者,充分发挥批判理论的批判作用。

In the recent development of critical theory,reflections on the critical theory’s approach has become an important issue again.Both the theory’s advocators and its opponents treat the immanent critique as their core approach.In recent years,the possibility of this approach has been widely questioned.Not only has the approach’s basic theoretical presuppositions been questioned,but also its applications.The approach’s selfconsistency is the first and primary problem,that is,how can the immanent critique with the transcendental potentiality be possible.To solve this problem,there exist two possiblebasic ways,namely,formal anthropology and the paradox of norm.This paper argues that the theory of a paradox of norm is better at solving the problem of self-consistency.It denies neither the importance of normative research nor the constructive role of negative experience.It can integrate them,thus fully highlights the critical role of the critical theory.