教育公平视角下普通教育和职业教育的分流与融合

Segregation or Integration of General and Vocational Education Viewed from the Perspective of Educational Justice

当前世界上有两种不同类型的普职教育体制:一类是普职分流的双轨制,主要以德国为代表;一类是普职融合的单轨制,以美国为代表。普职分流有利于促进教育机会平等、因材施教、满足社会岗位需求、为劳工阶层提供就业保障,但也有不少研究从人为制造的不平等、固化阶层流动、机会平等的虚假性和违背公平正义的基本原则等角度对普职分流提出批评,倡导普职融合。事实上,普职融合未必比普职分流更显教育公平,教育不能只是满足学生家长的需求,教育公平的实现需要有一个过程。在一定程度上,高等教育是为职业作准备的教育。

There are two systems concerning general and vocational education in the world. One is segregated system in Germany and the other is comprehensive school system in the US. Segregated system would boost equality of educational opportunities, teach students in accordance of their aptitude, meet the needs of social posts and provide the working class with job security. But some researchers criticizes the segregated system by pointing out it creates man-made inequality, impedes social mobility, fakes equal opportunities and violates the basic principle of fairness and justice. In reality, comprehensive school system is not fairer than segregated system. Education can’t just meet the short-term demands of parents and students. It is a slow process to achieve educational justice. To a certain extent, higher education is helping students prepare for vocations and professions.