我国人大选举委员会制度历史演进及当代启示

On the Contemporary Inspiration and Systematic Evolution of the Electoral Commission in China’s People’s Congress

1953年《选举法》框架下的选举委员会作为办理选举事宜之临时机关,负责监督、指导《选举法》的执行。这一时期的选举委员会地位高、行政权属性特征明显,成员代表性强且不实行回避制度,工作任务存在层级性差异。1954年《宪法》确立了新的国家权力架构,选举委员会的地位和功能开始弱化,选举管理权力的重心由中央下放地方。1979年《选举法》在县乡级人大选举中恢复了选举委员会的建制,并在其职责、组织及运行机制等方面作了进一步地发展和完善,逐步强化选举委员会在人大直接选举中的作用。

The legal provisions of China s Electoral Law (1953) stated that electoral commissions at all levels were authorized to monitor and instruct the implementation of Electoral Law , as well as deal with issues concerning with elections of People s Congress of different levels. Electoral commissions of the time behaved with distinct identification of executive power and high status. Electoral commissions of different levels took different responsibilities and the commission members with wide representativeness practiced no avoidance system. In the year of 1954, Chinese Constitution has clearly put forward a new national power structure to mitigate electoral commission s responsibility and then limit its competence. The emphasis of election administration power is shifted from the central to local. While China s Electoral Law enacted in 1979 restored the organizational system of electoral commission in the election of deputies to People s Congress at the towns and counties level, the law also made extensions and improvements to the duties, organizations and operating mechanism of electoral commissions. Thus, electoral commissions could progressively exert an active effect on the direct election of the deputy to People s Congress.