赫鲁晓夫改革的历史再认识——重读《苏联政治内幕:知情者的见证》所想到的

Historical Reconsideration of Khrushchev’s Reforms: Reflections from Re-reading Inside Story of Soviet Politics: the Witness of an Insider

20世纪世界社会主义运动的基本特点是,社会主义从理论成为从一国开始的建设社会主义国家的实践。建设怎样的社会主义国家,成为世界社会主义运动发展的关键。首先在苏联建成的斯大林社会主义体制,确实使原先相对落后的、农业的俄国,一跃成为工业化的社会主义强国。可是,斯大林体制从理论到实践都偏离了马克思、恩格斯规划的“人的自由发展的联合体”这一理想目标。赫鲁晓夫改革的积极意义在于,既为自1861年开始的俄国农奴解放运动画上了句号,又力图使社会主义国家法制建设走上现代文明的轨道。但是由于种种复杂的主、客观原因,赫鲁晓夫改革前后不一贯,半途而废。

The basic feature of world socialist movement in the 20th century is that socialism became practice of socialist state building beginning in one country.To build what kind of socialist state became the key for the development of world socialist movement.Stalin’s socialist system first built in the Soviet Union actually enabled a backward and agrarian Russia to leap into an industrialized socialist power.However,a socialist state of Stalin system deviated both in theory and in practice from Marx and Engels’s ideal of “an association of free development of all”.The epochal significance for Khrushchev’s reforms was that they both completed the Russian serf liberation movement since 1861 and shifted the construction of socialist legal system onto the modern civilized track.Because of various subjective and objective reasons,Khrushchev’s reforms were incoherent and unfinished. But their epochal significance never vanished even though the socialist state of Soviet Union disappeared.