从杨庄活动坝看中国近代水位控制工程的设计与实施

Design and Construction of a Modern Water Level Controlling Project in China:The Case of the Yangchuang Movable Dam

杨庄活动坝是我国采用西方活动坝技术,最早建成的通过控制水位完成操纵泄洪量、保证航运水位功能的水工建筑。杨庄地处黄淮入海水道与北运口交汇处,自清朝治淮重点由保运转为防洪起便逐渐占据治淮工程中关键位置。民国以来,张謇提出在杨庄修建活动坝的设想,导淮委员会将这一设想转化为具体工程设计与工程实践活动。本文重点聚焦于杨庄活动坝工程,通过档案查询与挖掘,还原杨庄活动坝的设计与实施过程,指出该工程既是一个技术设计的创新,又是中国近代水利背景下工程专家等工务人员成为主要治水主体的一个转折点。

The Yangchuang movable dam was the first completed movable dam in China.It controlled flow velocity and guaranteed appropriate levels of shipping water depth using western movable dam technology.Yangchuang was located at the intersection of the Old Yellow River bed and Zhong Canal.This location played a key role in harnessing the Huai river,as the Qing dynasty attached increasing importance to flood prevention.Zhang Jian first presented the idea of constructing the Yangchuang regulator,and the Huai River Commission transformed this idea into design and action.Based on archival investigation,this study focused on the Yangchuang regulator project,reproducing the design and construction processes.The study also discusses technology design improvements and the changes of engineering experts’ roles in harnessing water in modern hydraulic engineering.