镍镉电池制造企业镉接触工人职业健康风险评估

Occupational health risk assessment of workers exposed to cadmium in a nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing enterprise

目的了解镍镉电池制造企业镉作业工人的职业接触情况,进行职业健康风险评估。方法 2016年6～7月,本研究以中原地区某家镍镉电池制造企业工人为调查对象进行职业卫生现场调查,采用半定量风险评估接触比值法和致癌的吸入超额个人风险模型对该企业镉接触工人进行职业健康风险评估。结果该企业工作场所空气中镉的浓度普遍较高,只有13.33%的岗位C_(TWA)符合国家职业卫生接触限值的要求。半定量风险评估模型结果显示,只有配料和机器点焊岗位的风险指数为2.24(低风险),拉浆和负极复压的风险指数为4.47(高风险),其他岗位的风险指数均为5(极高风险)。致癌的吸入超额个人风险评估模型结果显示,镉接触工人因工龄和岗位不同,风险水平也不同,只有配料和机器点焊岗位的两位工人风险水平<10^(-4),为可接受,其他岗位工人的风险水平均>10^(-4),为不可接受。结论该企业大多数岗位处于高风险水平,职业危害防护设施不能满足防护要求,需要及时采取有效的风险控制措施。

Objective To observe the occupational exposure to cadmium in a nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing enterprise in China, and to conduct occupational health risk assessment for the workers exposed to cadmium. Methods A field survey was conducted among workers in a nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing enterprise from June to July in 2016.Semi-quantitative risk assessment-exposure ratio method and carcinogenic risk assessment-inhalational excess personal risk method were used for occupational health assessment. Results The overall concentration of cadmium was high in the air of the enterprise.There were only 13.33% of the position within the CTWA in the national occupational exposure limit.The results of semi-quantitative risk assessment model showed that the risk indexes were 2.24 for batching and spot welding by machine(low risk), 4.47 for pulping and negative overpressure positions(high risk), and 5.00 for all the other positions(extremely high risk).The results of carcinogenic inhalational excess personal risk method indicated that the risk levels differed significantly among cadmium exposed workers with different positions years and in different positions, workers in batching positions and in welding by machine had a risk level of <10^-4 which was acceptable, while the risk levels of workers in other positions were all higher than 10-4 which was unacceptable. Conclusions Workers in majority of the positions in this enterprise are at high risk, indicating that the occupational hazard protection equipments fail to meet the protection requirements.Therefore, the effective risk control measures should be taken.