从汉语存在句研究看日语的样态存在句

Investigating “Stative Existential Sentences” in Japanese from the Perspective of Existential Sentences in Chinese

存在句是全世界语言中普遍存在的一个语言现象,其概念界定是一个相对和动态的过程。20世纪60年代起,存在句中的"某处V着某人/物"句式开始得到重视,并被持续深入论证和细化研究,五十多年来取得了丰硕的成果。相比较而言,日语语言学界基本延续着研究存在词句的传统。但事实上,日语的"场所名词に名词がしている/してある(某处V着某人/物)"构式无论从结构还是语义特点来说,都可以作为存在句的一部分来研究。本文将在分析汉日语言及其研究特点的基础上,借用汉语的分类研究方法,提出"日语样态存在句"这一概念,探讨这一概念的必要性和有效性,并对其展开分类研究。

The existential sentence is a common linguistic phenomenon across languages in the world.The defining of its concepts is a relative but dynamic process.Since the 1960s,the"verb+zhe(着)"construction in Chinese existential sentences has begun to receive much attention,and has been investigated elaborately,with fruitful results gained over the past 50 years.In contrast,the tradition of studying existential words and sentences has been generally kept in the fields of Japanese linguistics.But in fact,the"location noun+ni+noun+ga+shiteiru/shitearu"(場所名詞に名詞がしている/してある)construction,whether in terms of word order or the semantic features of its predicate,can be studied as a part of existential sentences.Based on analyzing the characteristics of Chinese,Japanese,and the research of the two languages,this article proposes the concept of"stative existential sentence"by using the classification approach borrowed from studies of Chinese.It also discusses the necessity and effectiveness of the concept,and investigates the concept with the classification approach.