林业何以成“局”:清末新政视野下的吉林全省林业总局

The Invention of the Forestry Bureau:The Jilin Provincial Forestry Bureau Under the Vision of the New Policies in the Late Qing Dynasty

作为满人崛起的一种文化符号,东北的森林在清朝前期统治者塑造自身权威和价值取向的过程中有着特别重要的意义。然而甲午前后,由于西方林业知识的传入和日俄对东北的争夺,朝野对于东北森林的认知产生了显著的变化。吉林省林业总局的设立堪称清末东北林业开发中的一个里程碑事件,它标志着清政府开始有意识地建立起现代森林的管理机制,并试图进而抵制日俄两国的经济入侵。吉省森林在清朝前期历经旗署采贡、荒务局放荒和东清铁路公司伐木等多重划界管理,经营秩序混乱。林业总局成立后,接管了原本杂乱无章的森林地带并积极拓宽吉木销路。在新旧制度的交替过程中,存在不同依附人群对生存空间和物质资源的争夺和纠葛。吉林全省林业总局的发展过程,充分展现了清末新政在地方所实现的各种矛盾交汇和复杂面向。

As a cultural symbol of the rise of Manchu,the forest in Northeast China played a particularly role in the process of shaping the authority and value orientation of the Qing rulers in the early Qing period.Changes took place around the first Sino-Japanese War.With the introduction of Western forestry knowledge and the JapaneseRussian competition for Northeast China,the perception towards Northeast China’s forest had undergone significant transformation.The establishment of the Jilin Provincial Forestry Bureau was a milestone in the development of forestry in the northeastern frontier of the Qing Dynasty,which marked the Qing government’s conscious establishment of a modern forest management mechanism and an attempt to resist the economic invasions of Japan’s and Tsar Russia’s.Before 1907,the forests in Jilin were simultaneously managed by the banner institution,the Land Reclamation Bureau,and the special logging zones of the Dongqing Railway Company.After the establishment of the Provincial Forestry Bureau,it took over the originally chaotic forest landscape and actively expanded the sales of Jilin lumbers.In the process of the alternation of the old and new systems there were competitions and disputes among the different dependent groups over the living space and material resources.The development process of the Jilin Provincial Forestry Bureau fully showed the local intersection of various contradictions and complexities triggered by the New Policies in the late Qing Dynasty.