数据商品的价值与剥削——对克里斯蒂安·福克斯用户“数字劳动”理论的批判性分析

Value and Exploitation of Data Commodities——A Critical Analysis of Fuchs Users' Theory of “Digital Labor”

随着大数据时代的到来,人们的行为数据成为能被互联网平台企业收集、分析并出售的新的商品。对于数据商品的价值是如何产生的,以及其中体现了怎样的剥削关系,西方传播政治经济学派代表人物克里斯蒂安·福克斯试图重建马克思的劳动价值理论,认为用户在互联网上产生数据的活动,是一种创造数据商品的"数字劳动";平台资本家通过无偿占有数据商品,实现了对用户无酬劳动的剥削,这种剥削超越了资本主义雇佣劳动的范畴。福克斯的理论有待商榷,数据商品价值是由互联网平台企业的雇佣劳动者,而非使用平台的用户创造的,这种剥削仍属于资本主义雇佣劳动的范畴;数据所有权争论和"隐私悖论"并非源于大数据本身,而是源于其资本主义的运用方式;应充分利用我国的制度优势,深入推动大数据战略的实施。

With the advent of the era of big data,people’s behavioral data has become a new commodity that can be collected,analyzed and sold by Internet platform companies. How is the value of the data generated,and what kind of exploitation relationship is embodied? Western propaganda political economist Christian Fuchs tried to rebuild Marx’s labor theory of value,arguing that users’ data generation activities on the Internet are a kind of"digital labor"that creates data goods. Platform capitalists have exploited the unpaid work of users through unpaid data possession,which transcends the scope of capitalist wage labor. This article believes that Fuchs’ theory is open to question,and points out that: firstly,the value of data commodities is created by wage-employed workers of Internet platform enterprises rather than users of platforms,and such exploitation is still within the scope of capitalist wage labor;secondly,data ownership disputes and "privacy paradox"are not derived from big data technology itself,but from the use of capitalism;and thirdly,we should make full use of China’s institutional advantages and deepen the implementation of big data strategy.