氮磷钾平衡施用对大葱产量、养分吸收及利用的影响

Effects of N,P and K balanced fertilization on welsh onion yield,nutrient uptake and utilization

探求大葱科学施肥技术,明确氮、磷、钾肥料对大葱产量的影响,分析大葱对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收规律和肥料利用效率。试验以章丘大葱品种大梧桐为试材,在山东章丘4个多年大葱栽培试验点进行大田试验,共设置6个处理,分别为:优化施肥(OPT)、减氮(OPT-N)、减磷(OPT-P)、减钾(OPT-K)、有机肥(OPT+OM)和农民习惯施肥(FP)。结果表明,大葱优化施肥施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷、钾肥分别降低13.3%、24.4%和17.5%;大葱产量与农民习惯无显著差异,大葱施氮可增产22.2%,施磷可增产10.7%,施钾可增产17.5%;植株氮、磷、钾养分积累量较农民习惯均有提高,其中钾素积累量显著提高17.7%;氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为23.5%、13.4%和29.6%,氮、磷、钾农学效率分别为53.8、57.1和44.1kg·kg^-1,氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力分别为272.0、527.2和268.8kg·kg^-1。基于土壤养分和目标产量的大葱平衡施肥可优化氮磷钾配比,提高施肥产投比,促进养分吸收,其中在平衡施用氮磷钾化肥的基础上减氮30%增施有机肥处理在山东省章丘大葱主产区也具有良好应用效果,可作为大葱推荐施肥方法推广应用。

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application on welsh onion yield,nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization efficiency,aiming to provide scientific fertilization technology for welsh onion.Field experiments of four sites were conducted in Zhangqiu,Shandong and welsh onion cultivars ‘Dawutong’ of Zhangqiu was selected as test materials.There were six treatments were set including optimized fertilization(OPT),OPT with no nitrogen fertilizer(OPT-N),OPT with no phosphate fertilizer(OPT-P),OPT with no potassium fertilizer(OPT-K),OPT with organic manure(OPT+OM)and farmer practice(FP).The results showed that compared with FP treatment,the optimum N,P and K fertilizer rates were reduced by 13.3%,24.4% and 17.5% respectively,while the yields of welsh onion had no significant differences.The contributions of inorganic fertilizer of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium to the production were 22.2%,10.7% and 17.5% respectively.Optimized fertilization increased the nutrient absorption amounts compared with the PF and the uptake of K in plant was significantly increased by 17.7%.The fertilizer use efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was about 23.5%,13.4% and 29.6%,the agronomic efficiency was about 53.8,57.1 and 44.1 kg·kg^-1,and fertilizer partial factor productivity was about 272.0,527.2 and 268.8 kg·kg^-1,respectively.In conclusion,the balanced fertilization for welsh onion based on soil fertility and the target yield optimized the ratio of nitrogen,phosphate and potassium fertilizer,and increased the value cost ratio with the more nutrients uptake.The treatment of adding organic manure which reduced 30% nitrogen based on balanced application of N,P and K fertilizer had good effect,and it is worthy of popularization and application.