无因管理中的本人意思

On the Identification of the Principal’s Will in Negotiorum Gestio

《民法总则》中关于无因管理的规定沿袭了《民法通则》的规范模式,在新的立法规定出现之前有待司法实践加以探索完善。无因管理之成立除考虑管理意思外,还需考虑事务管理行为是否利于本人以及是否违反本人明示或可得推知之意思。司法判例考察发现,因事务管理类型的不同,法院对本人意思的探明程度亦有着不同程度的要求。不适法无因管理人因违反本人意思,而无法享受费用求偿权,故在适法与否的界定中,对本人意思的判断就具有吸收利益判断的实质效果。作为本人意思之矫正,承认的具体形式为主张管理利益或承认事务管理行为,从而将事务管理的不适法性转化为正当。因此,基于本人意思之探明所构建的无因管理体系就具有体系阐释意义。

As for the provision of negotiorum gestio, General Provisions of Civil Law has followed the General Principles of Civil Law, leaving the judicial cases to develop the specific types. Intention to manage others’ affairs is a core element of negotiorum gestio, but whether the management behavior is useful or against the principal’s express or expected wishes also plays an important role in the recognition of negotiorum gestio. According to the judicial cases, it can be found that the courts take account of the different kinds of the factors in the identification of the principal’s intention. It is because the inappropriate management breaches the principal’s wishes, rather than the interest, that the gestor cannot claim for the necessary cost. Therefore, the assessment of the principal’s will can cover the effect of the interest assessment. Ratification is the correction of the principal’s will, and the specific forms of ratification can be expressed as the claim for the management interest or the recognition of management behavior. Therefore, it is normative to unify negotiorum gestio system based on the Indentification of principal’s will.