交际能力与交际语境的交互性、动态性与社会性

On the Communicative Competence and the Interactivism,Dynamics and Sociality of Communicative Contexts

通过关联理论、语用综合论及顺应论对认知环境的分析,指出语境化及语境化提示对认知环境的在线构建使交际成为了一个动态性、交互性和社会性的复杂建构体。交际的成功以交际双方共享的认知环境(语境)为基础。认知环境并非事先预设好的,而是在交际过程中在最佳关联推定原则的制导下,借助交际双方的协商和互明在线构建的(语境化)。语境化过程中,最活跃的成分是言语行为。用于语境构建的言语就是语境化提示,是明示或语言选择一部分。交际是在言语和认知环境基础上的推理过程,涉及人的认知能力和方式,如隐喻能力等。交际的开展和顺利进行,还需要交际者克服各种不良的心理因素。交互、动态、认知、心理的交际观对传统交际能力概念提出了修改和完善的要求。

Analysis of the cognitive environments, from the perspectives of the Relevance Theory, the General Perspective and the Pragmatic Adaptation Theory, points out that through contextualization and contextualization cues, the online construction of cognitive environment makes communication a complex construction of interactive, dynamic as well as social. Successful communication is based on the shared cognitive environment of the communicators concerned. Cognitive environment is not set up beforehand, but constructed online during communication under the guidance of presumption of optimal relevance and by recurring to the negotiation and mutual manifestness between the interactants. This process of constructing cognitive environment can be called contextualization and during this process, speech behavior is the most active factor. Language used in contextualization is contextualization cue(s), which equals to ostension or the result of linguistic choice. Communication is a process of inference based on speech acts and cognitive environment, involving such cognitive abilities and fashions as metaphorical ability. To start communication and to make it go smoothly, communicators have to overcome all kinds of ill mentalities. Taking communication as interactional, dynamic, cognitive and psychological brings forward the requirements of perfecting the traditional concept of communicative competence.