民国时期城乡中小学教师日常生活上的分化——以1930年代为中心

The Division of Teachers’ Daily Life Between Urban and Rural Primary and Secondary Schools During the Period of the Republic of China——Centered in the 1930s

民国时期城市与乡村中小学教师在日常生活上存在一定的差异。具体来说,在以教学为中心的职业生活方面,城市教师更贴近现代教学专业人才;而乡村教师则必须是适应乡村社会文化生活的全能型人才,而且在教学上也不得不成为半新半旧的“两面人”。在经济生活方面,尽管民国时期中小学教师都穷,但乡村教师格外得穷;在消费生活上,乡村教师更贴近和依赖乡村,可以说是农民化的教师;而城市教师生活上更贴近城市工商业生活,是典型的城市市民。在社会生活方面,如何与乡绅处理好关系是乡村教师必须面对的重点和难点课题,与知识阶层之间的交往很受局限;城市教师的社会生活则丰富活跃得多,同时也承受着现代社会更激烈的生存竞争。城乡中小学教师在日常生活上的差异使得整个社会形成对城乡教师社会地位、身份的区别性评价,这就有可能在一定程度上造成中小学教师群体的内部分化了。

There are some differences between urban and rural prim ary and secondary school teachers in their daily life during the period of the Republic of China. Specifically, in the professional life, urban teachers are closer to modern teaching professionals;On the other hand, rural teachers must be all-around talents who can adapt to the rural society, and they must become "two-sided people" who are half new and half old in teaching. In the aspect of economic life, although the primary and middle school teachers were all poor in that time, the rural teachers were especially poor;in the consumption life, the rural teachers were more close to and dependent on the countryside. Urban teachers are more close to the city's industrial and commercial life, and they are typical urban citizens. In the aspect of social life, how to deal with the relationship with the squire is an important and difficult topic of rural teachers, and the communication with the intellectual class is very limited. Urban teachers' social life is much richer and more active, but also bear a more fierce survival co mpetition in modern society.