摘要
[背景]在经济快速发展引起居民膳食营养快速变迁的情况下,有关膳食营养引起的慢性疾病正逐步威胁我国居民健康。[目的]了解上海市闵行区居民膳食结构与营养状况,为营养干预措施及政策制定提供一定的依据。[方法]采取多阶段分层随机抽样法确定调查对象。第1阶段从闵行区13个街道/镇中随机抽取4个街道/镇,第2阶段采用PPS抽样方法从抽取的样本街道/镇中各抽取3个居委会/行政村,第3阶段采用简单随机抽样法从各居委会/行政村中分别抽取1个居民小组,第4阶段采用按比例抽样法从抽取的居民小组中各抽取12户居民。纳入对象为144户居民中18岁及以上常住人口(过去一年内,在本市居住时间累计超过6个月的居民)。于2012-2013年内春、夏、秋、冬连续四个季节采用食物称重法和连续3d24h膳食回顾法收集居民食物消费量,计算居民每标准人日各类食物和营养素摄入量。食物摄入结果以食物大类进行折算归类,摄入量以可食部分重量计。能量和营养素摄入量不包括来源于营养素补充剂的能量和营养素。以《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》为依据进行评价。[结果]上海市闵行区居民畜禽肉类、食用油和盐消费过多,每标准人日摄入量分别为102.1、31.0、6.7g;谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果和水每标准人日摄入量较低,分别为218.9、253.8、81.9、36.5、35.7、7.9g和758.9mL;水产品类摄入适量,每标准人日摄入量为45.2g。蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物供能构成比分别为15.6%、38.2%和46.2%。膳食钙、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2和维生素C摄入量低于平均需要量,摄入不足者分别占66.8%、55.7%、88.6%、73.6%和52.4%。钠每标准人日摄入量占适宜摄入量的300.4%。[结论]上海市闵行区居民膳食结构不够合理,能量的营养素来源不合理,脂肪供能比偏高,碳水化合物供能比偏低,部分营养素存在摄入过多或不足现象。建议适当增加全谷物和粗杂粮的摄入,增加奶及奶制品类、大豆及坚果类、蔬菜、水果和水等食物的摄入,减少油、盐和含脂肪高的食物的摄入。
[Background] Facing dietary changes following rapid economic development, the Chinese people are threatened by diet-related chronic diseases.[Objective] The study is designed to understand the dietary structure and nutritional status of residents in Minhang District of Shanghai, and to provide evidence for the formulation of nutritional intervention measures and policies.[Methods] The survey subjects were selected by a multistage stratified random sampling method. In the first stage, four towns were randomly selected from 13 towns in Minhang District. In the second stage, three neighborhood committees were selected from each sample town by PPS sampling method. In the third stage, one residential group was selected from each neighborhood committee by simple random sampling method. In the fourth stage, 12 households were selected from each residential group by proportional sampling method. Among the 144 households, the permanent residents aged 18 years and over were included, who had lived in the city for more than 6 months in the past year. In the four seasons from 2012 to 2013, food consumption data were collected by food weighing method and 3-day 24-hour dietary recall, and the daily intakes per standard person of foods and nutrients were calculated. Foods were classified into food categories, and the intakes were calculated by the weight of edible parts. Energy and nutrient intakes did not include those derived from nutrient supplements. The evaluation was conducted using Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents(2016) and Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for Chinese Residents(2013).[Results] The residents in Minhang District of Shanghai consumed excess livestock and poultry meat, oil, and salt, and the intakes per standard person per day were 102.1, 31.0, and 6.7 g, respectively;the intakes of cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and dairy products, soybeans and nuts, and water were relatively low, which were 218.9 g, 253.8 g, 81.9 g, 36.5 g, 35.7 g, 7.9 g, and 758.9 m L, respectively;the intake of aquatic products was moderate, which was 45.2 g. The percentages of energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates were 15.6%, 38.2%, and 46.2%, respectively. The intakes of dietary calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C were lower than the corresponding estimated average requirements, and there were 66.8%, 55.7%, 88.6%, 73.6%, and 52.4% residents with insufficient intakes respectively. The intake of sodium was 300.4% of the adequate intake, which suggested excessive intake.[Conclusion] The residents in Minhang District of Shanghai show a less reasonable dietary structure, unbalanced nutrition sources, excess energy from fat, insufficient energy from carbohydrates, and excessive or insufficient intakes of some nutrients. It is suggested to increase intakes of whole and coarse grains, milk and dairy products, soybeans and nuts, vegetables, fruits, and water, as well as reduce intakes of oil, salt, and fatty foods.
作者
汤红梅
何丹丹
温晓飒
臧嘉捷
丁克颖
TANG Hong-mei;HE Dan-dan;WEN Xiao-sa;ZANG Jia-jie;DING Ke-ying(Department of School Health,Shanghai Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Shanghai 201101,China;Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control,Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Shanghai 200336,China)
出处
《环境与职业医学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第5期465-469,共5页
Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
关键词
膳食调查
膳食结构
营养状况
营养素
dietary survey
dietary structure
nutritional status
nutrient