中药龙胆的本草考证

Herbal Textual Analysis of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma

中药龙胆药用历史悠久,早在《神农本草经》中就有记载,别名有陵游、草龙胆等,该文针对历代本草记载龙胆品种较为混乱,亦混有当地习用非龙胆科植物的现状,在系统查阅龙胆古今文献的基础上,通过分析历代本草书籍,对其名称、基源、产地分布、道地产区、采收时间及炮制方法进行全面考证。通过分析各类本草书籍中对龙胆的形态描述及附图,得出古代龙胆基原与今日龙胆药材原植物中的龙胆Gentiana scabra与条叶龙胆G. manshurica基本相符的结论,整理了各文献中出现的龙胆药材原植物的拉丁学名;龙胆的商品分为关龙胆和滇龙胆,其中关龙胆包括龙胆G. scabra,条叶龙胆G. manshurica与三花龙胆G. triflora.,现主产于东北;滇龙胆G. rigescens产自云南;由于历史变迁等各种原因,关龙胆的道地产区由江浙一带变为东北一带;龙胆炮制方法有酒炙、甘草汁炙、生姜汁炙等,目的皆为抑制其苦寒之性,其中酒炙龙胆历史最为悠久,并可促进龙胆有效成分的溶出,为较好的炮制方法。该研究为龙胆的正本清源、资源开发、正确使用、道地产区及炮制方法确定等提供了依据。

Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma has a long history of medication,and was recorded in Shennong Bencaojing. Through the study of herbal medicine of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, we reviewed and analyzed previous herbal records, studied its basic, origin and processing methods,and provided the basis for further development and utilization of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma. Through the analysis of ancient herbal researches and drawings,we knew that the ancient resources of this medicine were basically consistent with Gentiana scabra and G. manshurica. The Latin name of the original plant of gentian medicinal herbs set forth in the modern literature was analyzed for the first time. The commodities of this medicine were divided into Guanlongdan and Dianlongdan.Guanlongdan was produced in Northeast China,and consisted of G. scabra,G. manshurica,and G. triflora.Dianlongdan was G. rigescens and grew in Yunnan province. Due to various reasons,such as historical changes,genuine producing areas of medicinal materials gradually changed from Jiangsu and Zhejiang to Northeast China.The processing methods of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma included preparing with wine,preparing with licorice juice and preparing with ginger juice. The purpose of these processing methods is to suppress its nature of bitter and cold. Among those processing methods, preparing with wine has the longest history, and can promote the dissolution of the active ingredients of gentian,thus is a better method of processing. This study provides the basis for radical reform,resource development,correct use,and determination of genuine producing area and processing methods for Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma.