真实威胁:美国对互联网恐吓言论的认定研究

True Threats:Test Standard of Internet Intimidation Expression in US

网络恐吓言论的认定是互联网治理中的最新争议问题。从沃茨案到布莱克案,再到新世纪的艾隆尼斯案,美国联邦最高法院逐步确立了网络恐吓言论的认定标准,明确了真实威胁表达不受宪法第一修正案保护的基本原则。发展到今天,美国在网络恐吓言论的法律规制问题上已形成了包括事实基准检测、主观意图检测和客观理解检测在内的真实威胁的司法认定标准。该认定标准反映了美国法律基于内容中立的前提.在言论的类型化界分、实施威胁主观意图的确认、特定主体对威胁的客观理解三个层面对真实威胁的检视及其司法最低限度主义的特征。

The identification of Internet intimidation is the latest controversial issue of Internet governance. The Supreme Court of the United States gradually established the test standard of threatening speech through Watts, Black and Elonis case, and clarified the basic principles that true threats does not protected by the First Amendment. Up to now, the United States has established the judicial test standards of true threats, including criteria-based tests, subjective intent tests and objective tests in cases involving threats transmitted over the Internet. Based on the precondition of the content neutrality, the doctrine reflects legal scrutiny on true threats and the characteristics of the judicial minimalism in the levels of classification of the speech, test of subjective intention of implementing threats and the objective understanding of reasonable recipient.