“人口红利”、劳动者利益与我国经济转型——基于马克思经济学理论的分析

“Demographic Dividend”,Interests of Laborers and Economic Transformation in the New Era: Based on the Analysis of Marx's Economic Theory

"人口红利"是由西方学者提出的一个概念。从马克思经济学视角分析,"人口红利"源于劳动力的价格与价值趋于一致的时滞,在量上是劳动力的价格与价值的差额。由于这一差额被资本家所占有,劳动者利益和资本家利益相互对立,经济增长与劳动者利益之间存在静态矛盾。在动态分析中,"人口红利"在促进经济增长的同时,也在一定程度改善了劳动者利益。"人口红利"消失,实现经济增长要求向"创新红利"时期的转变,但同时也要兼顾劳动者利益。新时代我国经济转型,是由"人口红利"时期向"创新红利"与"分享红利"交融时期转变。实现这一转变需要规避中等收入陷阱、养老金缺口等相关问题,化解中国经济转型的风险;需要主动适应中国经济的新常态,积极进行供给侧结构性改革;需要践行共享发展理念,为"创新红利"模式的发展注入持续驱动力。

From the perspective of Marx's economics,"demographic dividend"stems from the time lag between labor price and labor value when they are tending to be consistent,and in terms of quantity,it is the difference between the two. Since this difference is pocketed by capitalists,there is a contradiction between the interests of laborers and those of capitalists, and there is a static contradiction between economic growth and the interests of laborers.In dynamic analysis,"demographic dividend"has also improved the interests of workers while promoting economic growth.When"demographic dividend" disappears,the realization of economic growth requires a transition to the"innovation dividend"period,but this needs to take into account the interests of workers.In the new era,China's economic transformation is in a transition from the"demographic dividend"period to the"innovation dividend"and"sharing dividends".To achieve this transformation, we need to avoid the middle- income trap,the pension gap and other related issues and to eliminate China's economic transformation risk.Moreover,we need to actively adapt to the new normal of the new era and actively carry out supplyside structural reform.Furthermore,we need to practice the concept of shared development and inject a continuous driving force into the"innovation dividend"model.