寒富苹果采收及贮藏期间果面真菌的检测分析

Detection and Analysis of Fungi on Fruit Surface during the Harvest and Storage Period of Hanfu Apple

微生物侵染是造成果品腐烂的主要因素,研究影响寒富苹果采后损失的微生物因素,确定关键微生物种群,可为制定寒富苹果采后处理及贮藏技术规程、降低采后损失提供参考。以沈阳地区不同生产示范园套袋和不套袋处理的寒富苹果为试材,结合菌落形态描述和rDNA-ITS序列技术,鉴定分析采收及贮藏过程中果实表面的优势真菌。结果表明:从沈阳地区各示范园采收期和贮藏期套袋和不套袋苹果果实表面共分离鉴定出29种优势真菌,分别来自于青霉属、曲霉属、茎点霉属和链格孢属等10个属。经致病性检测发现,29种优势真菌中有22种可不同程度的侵染果实,致使苹果腐烂,致病比例高达75.86%,其中以青霉属、曲霉属、链格孢属、毛霉属和木霉属致病性较强。采收期果实表面的真菌数量为21.03~79.76CFU·cm^-2,以康平县示范园套袋处理最低,法库县示范园未套袋处理最高。套袋处理果实表面的真菌数量均低于未套袋处理,如法库县示范园套袋处理较未套袋处理真菌数量降低了49.39%。冷库贮藏处理果面真菌数量随贮藏时间表现为先降低后升高再平稳的趋势,土窖贮藏处理则表现为先降低后升高的趋势,至贮藏后期冷库贮藏真菌数量低于土窖贮藏。在采收期果实表面共鉴定出了24种优势真菌,来自于10个属,以青霉属的定植率和相对频度最高,分别为92.86%和30.16%;在套袋对比试验中,果面优势菌属种类不同,套袋果面以青霉菌相对频度最高,而未套袋果面以曲霉属真菌相对频度最高。在贮藏期果实表面共鉴定出了17种优势真菌,来自于8个属,土窖贮藏处理果面优势真菌在菌落数和菌属种类上均高于冷库贮藏处理。

Microbial infe ction was a main cause of fruit rot,this paper was to study the microorganism influencing factor of postharvest losses of Hanfu apple,to find out the key microorganism,which provided a reference to formulate the technical regulations of postharvest treatment and storage of Hanfu apple and to reduce postharvest losses.The bagging and un-bagged Hanfu apples of different demonstration orchards in Shenyang area were used,combined with the colony morphology description and rDNA-ITS sequencing technology,to detect and analyze predominant fungi on fruit surface during the harvest and storage.The results indicated that there were 29 kinds of predominant fungi from 10 genera,such as Penicillium,Aspergillus,Phoma and Alternaria,isolated and identified on the surface of different orchards bagging and un-bagged fruit in Shenyang area during harvest and storage periods.The pathogenicity detection showed that there were 22 of the 29 kinds of predominant fungi could infect fruits with different degrees and then make fruit rot,the percentage was as high as 75.86%.Both Penicillium,Aspergillus,Alternaria,Mucor and Trichoderma had a stronger pathogenicity than other predominant fungi.During harvest time,the fungi numbers on fruit surface of Hanfu apple were 21.03 CFU·cm^-2 to 79.76 CFU·cm^-2.The bagging treatment of orchard in Kangping was the lowest,and the un-bagged treatment of orchard in Faku was the highest.The fruit surface fungi numbers of bagging treatment were less than that of un-bagged treatment,such as the orchard in Faku was declined by 49.39%.During storage periods,the fungi number that stored in refrigerator condition was showed a trend of decreasing,then rising at last leveling off as the storage time,but it was a decreasing an d then rising trend in cellar condition.During the later period of storage,the fungi numbers on fruit surface stored in refrigerator were less than those in cellar.During harvest time,there were24 kinds of predominant fungi from 10 genera on the fruit surface.Penicillium has the highest isolation rate and relative frequency,92.86%and 30.16%,respectively.In the bagging contrast experiment,the species of fruit-surface predominant fungi were different.The isolation rate and relative frequency of Penicillium was the highest in bagging treatment,but that was Aspergillus in un-bagged treatment.During storage period,there were 17 kinds of predominant fungi from 8 genera that isolated and identified on the fruit surface.The number of colonies and species of fruit surface predominant fungi in cellar were higher than those in refrigerator.