唯物辩证法:现象学与诠释学的统一与超越

Materialist Dialectics:Unity and Transcendence of Phenomenology and Hermeneutics

辩证唯物主义是认识论上的“哥白尼式的革命”,它不是简单强调“主观”要符合“客观”,因为“客观的”不一定是“真的”,无论是在自然领域,还是在历史领域,都存在“客观假象”。认识的任务并不是让主观去符合客观,因为“客观”本身并不是固定不变的,而是生成着的;认识的任务是从客观假象中找到真实和实在,为的是求得对象与主体的同一。作为一种辩证的认识论,唯物辩证法不仅包含了现象学的方法,而且包含了诠释学方法。从现象学角度看,唯物辩证法从“现实的个人”及其历史活动出发,以超越“客观假象”,还原其背后的“历史真实”。从诠释学角度看,现象本身有待诠释,诠释则必须遵循现象所蕴含的自我否定逻辑”唯物辩证法“化外为内”,化绝对精神的自我生成为人类活动的自我展开,对“现实历史的未完成著作”和“观念历史的遗著”做出革命性诠释。只有把现象学和诠释学有机结合起来,才能更深刻地理解和把握马克思恩格斯的唯物辩证法思想。

The materialist dialectics of Marx and Engels should not be comprehended as mere "correspondence of the subjective to the objective",but should be regarded as a "Copernican Revolution",because "the ob jective" does not necessarily mean "the real",let alone "the true",whether in researches of natural or historical field,there exist the foundation of "objective counterfeits" as found in geocentric theory.A sort of dialectic epistemology,the materialist dialectics of Marx and Engels involves the methodology of both phenomenology and hermeneutics.In the perspective of phenomenology,materialist dialectics,setting itself off from "the real individuals,their activities and material conditions",tries to surpass the "ob jective counterfeits" to discover the"historical truth"through the phenomenological reduction;and in the perspective of hermeneutics,materialist dialectics is not contended with the "inner ground and outer condition",but tries to turn both sides of "the inner" and "the outer" into an integral whole,and the self-realization of the Absolute into the self-development of human activity,thus starting out from the twofold criticism of"the original"and"the copied",so as to interpret both "the oeuvres incompletes of our real history" and "the oeuvres posthumes of our ideal history" in a revolutionary way.