地中海功能性国家管辖海域实践及对我国的启示

Zones of Functional State Jurisdiction in Mediterranean and Its Enlightenment to China

面对半闭海沿岸国扩展管辖海域的固有困难,地中海区域长期未适用专属经济区制度。自20世纪90年代末,西班牙、法国、克罗地亚、斯洛文尼亚、意大利等地中海沿岸国代替性地主张了有所差异的功能性国家管辖海域。这些实践的合法性得到了国际社会的承认。功能性国家管辖海域制度的法理为既有权利与义务的履行以及“能做更多者也能做更少”原则在国家管辖海域上的运用。在同为半闭海且面临管辖海域不确定问题的南海,地中海实践的启示为:可考虑将功能性国家管辖海域作为维护我国南海海洋权益的方式之一,发挥功能性国家管辖海域制度的法律弹性,沿海南岛东侧与西沙群岛的直线基线先行主张“渔业保护区”。

There are inherent difficulties for states boarding semi-enclosed seas on extension zones of national jurisdiction. Because of such difficulties,most Mediterranean States didn’t claim EEZs for decades. Since the end of 1990 s,some Mediterranean States,including Spain,France,Croatia,Slovenia and Italy,claimed various zones of functional State jurisdiction instead of EEZs. The legality of such practices has been recognized by the international community. Zone of functional State jurisdiction as an independent legal regime,its legality is based on performing existing rights and obligations in according to the general principle in maiore stat minus( the right to do less is implied in the right to do more). In order to safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea,a semi-enclosed sea with uncertainty on the boundaries of jurisdiction,some lessons can be learned from the practices of Mediterranean coastal States. China may take advantage of the legal flexibility inherent in the zone of functional State jurisdiction. As a first step,a "Fisheries Protection Zone"measured from the baselines of the Xisha Qundao and the east coast of the Hainan Island is suggested.