三维石墨烯基材料的制备、结构与性能

Preparation,Structures and Properties of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Materials

石墨烯具有单层碳原子组成的六方晶系晶体结构及独特的电学、化学、力学和热学性质。然而,由于石墨烯片层之间较强的π-π键和范德华力,导致易团聚或堆积,使其比表面积大幅减小,严重损害其性能。解决上述问题的最有效方法之一是构建具有多孔结构的三维石墨烯基材料,不仅保留了石墨烯优秀的导电性能和力学性能等本征特性,而且获得密度低、比表面积大、孔隙率高等结构优点,进而满足吸附剂、催化剂载体、生物传感器及电池与超级电容器电极材料等先进功能材料领域的应用需要。因此,开发三维石墨烯基材料的先进制备方法成为本领域研究的热点方向。本文综述了三维石墨烯基材料的现有制备方法,包括自组装法(水热还原法、化学还原法及冷冻干燥法)、模板法(胶体模板法、模板辅助化学气相沉积法及模板辅助水热还原法)和3D打印法(直写成型法、喷墨打印法、熔融沉积成型法、光固化成型法、选区激光烧结法及选区激光熔融法),总结了上述方法的优点及当前存在的主要问题,并且对三维石墨烯基材料制备技术的发展方向进行了展望。

As a novel two-dimensional carbon nano-material, graphene has the structure of hexagonally-packed single-layer carbon atoms as well as outstanding electrical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties. However, due to the existence of strong π-π bond and van der Waals force between adjacent graphene sheets, graphene are easily agglomerated or re-stacked, therefore greatly reducing their specific surface area and seriously degrading corresponding properties. To date, one of the most effective strategies to address the above problems is to build three-dimensional porous graphene-based materials, thereby not only retaining the intrinsic properties of graphene such as excellent electrical and mechanical properties but also acquiring the advantages of low density, high porosity and large specific surface area. As a result, three-dimensional graphene-based materials have been widely used in versatile functional application fields such as adsorbent, catalyst carrier, biosensor, battery as well as supercapacitor electrode materials. Therefore, the development of the preparation technology of threedimensional graphene-based materials has attracted great attention. The existing preparation methodologies of three-dimensional graphene-based materials, including self-assembling(hydrothermal reduction, chemical reduction and freeze-drying), templating ( colloid template, template-assisted chemical vapor deposition and template-assisted hydrothermal reduction ), and 3D printing(direct inking writing, inkjet printing, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, selective laser sintering / melting)are reviewed.Their advantages as well as disadvantages and forcasts the promising development direction of the preparation technology for threedimensional graphene-based materials are also summarized.