论“形象”:一个观念史的视角

On Image: A Perspective of History

"形象"是一个视觉用语,指人们描绘或记录视觉感知的产物,人们却在各自不同的知识领域(例如,图像解释学、象征论、位相学)的意味上使用该词。"形象"观念在欧洲经历了一个较为漫长的衍变史:从古希腊时期到16世纪,"模仿""譬喻"等观念是文艺批评的主流词汇,而"形象"本身只是隐含的观念。在19世纪,浪漫主义运动和黑格尔进而把形象作为诗学、美学的理想观念,甚至是文学艺术中无所不包的精神存在。马克思主义从辩证唯物主义的立场论述了形象的观念。20世纪理论家从原本的、引申的、比喻的意义上分析了形象的本质,尤其是对精神形象、词语形象进行了深入的分析研究。

"Image"is a visual term,referring to the product of visual perception that people describe or record,but people use it in different fields of knowledge( for example,image hermeneutics,symbolism,phase studies). The concept of"image"has experienced a long history in Europe: from ancient Greece to the 16 th century,"imitation"and"analogy"are the main words of literary criticism,while"image"itself is only an implicit concept. In the 19 th century,the Romantic Movement and Hegel took it as an ideal concept of poetry,aesthetics and even an all-embracing spiritual existence in literature and art. From the standpoint of dialectical materialism,Marxism expounds the concept of image. In the 20 th century,theorists analyzed the essence of image from the original,extended and metaphorical meaning,especially the spiritual image and word image.