马克思对卢梭自然法逻辑的批判性超越

Marx’s Critical Transcendence of Rousseau’s Logic of Natural Law

卢梭自然法以自我保存、怜悯他人的自然人性与人类社会物质条件的发展作为基本逻辑支点,演绎并论证出人类不平等的起源和基础。卢梭自然法阐释了人在自然状态下逐渐异化的过程、表达了重构政治秩序的诉求、反对理性主义泛滥,但是其逻辑推演也存在跳跃式论证、忽视实然存在、将中性之物人格化等缺陷。马克思在异化思想、实践观点、人的自由而全面的发展等方面,以唯物史观视角对卢梭自然法进行全面超越,实现了批判继承。

Rousseau's natural law deduces and demonstrates the origin and basis of human inequality by taking self-preservation,compassion for others' natural humanity and the development of human social material conditions as its basic logical fulcrum.Rousseau's natural law explains the process of human's gradual alienation in the natural state,expresses the demand of reconstructing political order,and opposes the overflow of rationalism.However,its logical deduction also has some defects,such as jumping argument,ignoring the existence of reality,and personifying neutral things.Marx transcended the alienation thought,the practical viewpoint,the free and comprehensive development of human beings from the perspective of historical materialism,and realized the critical inheritance.