学徒制到院校制:19世纪上半叶美国工程教育的大学化进程

From Apprenticeship to Collegiate School: on Institutionalization of American Higher Engineering Education in the First Half of 19th Century

赋能不足问题始终是专门职业教育受到的质疑与批评,该问题尚缺乏充分的、基于经验考察的理论探讨。19世纪上半叶,新兴专门职业教育的工程教育开始与行业学徒制培养传统相分离,逐步进入美国大学。在此过程中,工程教育逐步确立课程/项目为核心、院校化培养体系,呈现"专门院校"与"综合院校"两条不同路径、两套迥异体制。从学徒制到院校制转换期间,工程教育为代表的专门职业教育遭遇的赋能不足问题,该制度转换是社会权力运作的产物,身份获致是其目标。

The phenomenon of ill empowerment is the long-lasting problem faced by modern professional education,including engineering education,which is yet under insufficient theoretical discussion based on solid empirical study.The paper mainly explored the transitional process of professional education from the worksite to collegiate school,from the apprenticeship system to the school system through the case study of the American engineering education in the first half of 19 th century.During this formative period,two types of collegiate school system gradually emerged,the special school tradition and the comprehensive school tradition,which finally became the prototype of American modern engineering education;and also during this transitional period,the education itself encounter the problem of ill empowerment of its objects,which has been constantly criticized even by now.Unfortunately,the transition itself was nothing but the product of social power operation with the status acquirement as its ultimate goal.