现代社会“法政关系”的基本筹划、内在困境与中国问题

The Relationship between Law and Politics in Modern Societies:Its Basic Categories,Inner Difficulties and China’s Problems

重新认识和理解现代中国政法文化中的“法政关系”问题,需要重述和反思现代西方社会“法政关系”的整体历史格局。现代西方国家在实现政治民主化、法律民主化以后,大体实现了作为规范体系的法律既根源于政治又反身规制政治的法政关系内在二元法治主义结构。但是现代社会的价值多元使得这种法政关系结构并不稳定,强力政治基于作为法律的事实有效性前提和民主政治基于作为法律的价值正当性基础,存在突破宪法和超越法律规范约束的可能性和必要性,这成为现代西方社会法政关系结构的根本危机。现代中国政法文化的实践形态及其主要困境同样受制于现代社会法政关系的这个根本难题。当代中国相对稳定的国内秩序和相对和平的国际环境使得其法制的事实有效性前提具备了强力政治的稳定支撑,平衡协调民主政治与宪制法治的关系成为法治中国建设面临的主要难题和首要任务。

In order to recognize the relationship between law and politics in modern Chinese politicallegal culture, we need to revisit the general historical pattern of the politics-law relationship in the Western societies. After achieving the democratization in politics and law, modern Western countries have basically established an inner dual structure of rule of law: law derives from politics which is regulated by the law in return. However, the pluralism in modern societies makes such a dual structure instable. The fact that the strong political power forms the factual precondition for law which provides the axiological legitimacy for the democratic politics makes it possible and even necessary to break the limits imposed by the constitution and law. This basic issue is also the factor determining the form of and difficulties in China's practice concerning the relationship between politics and law. China's current domestic stability and peaceful international environment makes the factual validity of its rule of law based on stable and strong political support. Against such a background, the most challenging issue and first priority for our country is to strike a balance between democratic politics and rule of the Constitution in its development of rule of law.