内在性的重构与唯物主义的政治意蕴——重思马克思唯物主义的来源与特质

The Reconstruction of Immanence and the Political Implication of Materialism:Reconsidering the Sources and Traits of Marx’s Materialism

自启蒙运动以降,政治哲学的逻辑支点从超验性转移到内在性。内在性奠基于近代意识哲学,但被马克思予以唯物论地改造,形成了内在性唯物主义。内在性唯物主义不以任何形而上学的“一般实体”为对象,而是旨在揭示“存在”(资本主义生产与再生产)的先验结构。正是基于唯物主义的内在性,马克思不仅以物化批判揭示出意识同一性的社会基础、更新了认识论批判的传统模式,并且发现“存在”之真实、具体的面相是“非同一性”。从“存在”的“非同一性”可见,不仅劳动的内在剩余本性塑造了资本主义生产与再生产的整个结构,并且资本主义从其内部孕育着变革现存社会关系的“新社会的因素”。这种“新社会的因素”作为资本同一化统治中的剩余空间,是实现解放的现实起点。

Since the Enlightenment,the logical roots of political philosophy have been shifted from transcendence to immanence.Immanence was proposed by modern philosophy of consciousness,but was transformed materially by Marx into immanent materialism.Immanent materialism does not take any metaphysical“entity”as object,but aims to reveal the transcendental structure of“being”(namely the production and reproduction of capitalism).Based on immanent materialism,Marx not only reveals the social basis of consciousness identity via the critique of reification,but also updates the traditional mode of epistemology and discovers that the real aspect of“being”is“non-identity.”It can be seen from this reinterpretation of“being”that the surplus nature of labor not only shapes the whole structure of capitalism s production and reproduction,but also breeds the“elements of the new society”by transforming the social relations of capitalism itself.These“elements of the new society”qua the surplus space in the rule of capital homogenization are a realistic starting point for realizing human emancipation.