语言民族主义视野下的孟加拉国独立运动

Bangladesh Independence Movement from the Perspective of Linguistic Nationalism

语言是民族身份的重要象征,往往和特定的民族相联系,民族语言的凝聚力能引导民族意识的觉醒,在民族主义和民族国家的形成中具有不可替代的作用。语言民族主义缘起于欧洲中世纪晚期,18世纪末到19世纪初期,真正意义上的近代语言民族主义在德国形成,并逐渐传播到了南亚地区,成为孟加拉民族解放运动的指导思想。巴基斯坦独立后,东翼孟加拉人被边缘化。1947~1956年,为争取政治权利和经济发展,孟加拉精英选择以母语为纽带增进民众的内聚力,发起了一场以语言保护为先导的民族主义运动。在此过程中,孟加拉语言民族主义的政治功效逐渐凸显,为构建统一的民族和国家认同奠定了基础。在语言民族主义的促生下,东西两翼的矛盾被彻底激化,1971年孟加拉国独立战争爆发,战争历时9个月,在印度大规模的军事干预下,东翼孟加拉人获得了独立。孟加拉人的独立运动缘起于语言民族主义,属于“分裂型”语言民族主义的分类,是巴基斯坦独立初期政策偏失的产物。孟加拉语言民族主义运动以母语运动的形式为特点,旨在谋求政治独立。对于多民族和多语言国家而言,语言政策的合理与否,直接影响到族际关系的和谐和统一民族国家的构建。

Language is an important symbol of national identity,often associated with a specific nation.The cohesion of national language can guide the awakening of national consciousness and play an irreplaceable role in the formation of nationalism and national state.Linguistic nationalism originated in the late medieval Europe.From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century,the real modern linguistic nationalism was finally formed in Germany and gradually spread to South Asia,becoming the guiding ideology of the national liberation movement of Bangladesh.After the independence of Pakistan,the people of East Bengal were marginalized due to policy preferences.From 1947 to 1956,in order to fight for political rights and economic development,the East Bengal elites chose mother tongue as a link to enhance the cohesion of the people and launch a nationalist movement led by language protection.In this process,the political effect of linguistic nationalism in East Bengal gradually became prominent,which laid the foundation for building a unified nation and national identity.Under the promotion of linguistic nationalism,the contradiction between the East Bengal and West Bengal was thoroughly intensified.In 1971,the Bangladesh War of Independence broke out.The war lasted nine months,and East Bengal gained independence under India's massive military intervention.The war directly led to Pakistan being split in two,while India achieved its goal of weakening Pakistan and ensuring its leading position in South Asian geopolitics.The East Bengali independence movement originated from linguistic nationalism and belonged to the category of"split"linguistic nationalism,which was the product of policy deviation in the early period of Pakistan's independence.The Bangladeshi linguistic nationalism movement is characterized by a form of mother tongue movement,aiming at seeking political independence.For multi-ethnic and multi-lingual countries,the rationality of language policy directly affects the harmony of inter-ethnic relations and the construction of a unified nation-state.